Staphylococcus hemolyticus: The Most Common and Resistant Coagulase-Negative Staphylococcus Species Causing Bacteremia in North India

Anuragani Verma; Sanjay Kumar; Vimala Venkatesh; Parul Jain; RajKumar Kalyan; Himanshu Reddy

doi:10.7759/cureus.51680

Staphylococcus hemolyticus: The Most Common and Resistant Coagulase-Negative Staphylococcus Species Causing Bacteremia in North India

Cureus. 2024 Jan 4;16(1):e51680. doi: 10.7759/cureus.51680. eCollection 2024 Jan.

Authors

Anuragani Verma¹, Sanjay Kumar¹, Vimala Venkatesh¹, Parul Jain¹, RajKumar Kalyan¹, Himanshu Reddy²

Affiliations

¹ Microbiology, King George's Medical University, Lucknow, IND.
² Internal Medicine, King George's Medical University, Lucknow, IND.

Abstract

Introduction: Coagulase-negative Staphylococcus (CoNS) species are normal skin commensals but may also cause bacteremia. Therefore, isolating a CoNS species on blood culture often leads to a diagnostic dilemma about whether to consider the isolate as a true pathogen or not. This study was done to understand the distribution of various CoNS species in bloodstream infections, determine their antibiotic resistance patterns, and identify possible risk factors and patient outcomes in hospital settings.

Materials and methods: Inpatients with confirmed bacteremia defined as isolation of the same CoNS species with similar antibiograms from paired blood culture bottles, which were obtained from patients with at least clinical evidence of infection, were included. The isolates obtained were studied for CoNS species distribution and antibiotic resistance patterns, and the corresponding patients were assessed for possible risk factors and outcomes.

Results: A total of 170 CoNS isolates obtained from 85 patients were analyzed. Staphylococcus haemolyticus (S. haemolyticus)(90, 52.9%) was the most common species isolated, and it was also the most resistant of all, followed by S. hominis (50, 29.4%), S. epidermidis (26, 15.3%), S. lentus (2,1.2%), and S. succinus (2,1.2%). S. haemolyticus and S. hominis were significantly more isolated from patients aged 18-60 years and >60 years, respectively. Methicillin-resistant (MR)-CoNS (68.8%) were significantly more resistant than methicillin-sensitive (MS)-CoNS (31.2%) to certain antibiotics, and none were resistant to vancomycin, linezolid, or teicoplanin. Mortality occurred in 17.6% of patients, which was most commonly associated with S. haemolyticus infection.

Conclusion: Age-specific predisposition of CoNS species, high rates of methicillin resistance, and mortality in CoNS bacteremia are highlights of this study. To our knowledge, we are the first to study the age-related association of CoNS species.

Keywords: bacteraemia; blood culture; coagulase-negative staphylococcus; infection; staphylococcus hemolyticus.