Morbidity and Mortality of HIV-Exposed Uninfected Infants in a Tertiary Referral Facility in Yaoundé, Cameroon

Anne E Njom Nlend; Pascal Avenec; Jeannette Epée Ngoué; Arsène B Sandie

doi:10.21106/ijma.663

Morbidity and Mortality of HIV-Exposed Uninfected Infants in a Tertiary Referral Facility in Yaoundé, Cameroon

Int J MCH AIDS. 2023;12(2):e663. doi: 10.21106/ijma.663. Epub 2023 Dec 23.

Authors

Anne E Njom Nlend^{1

2}, Pascal Avenec², Jeannette Epée Ngoué^{1

3}, Arsène B Sandie⁴

Affiliations

¹ Essos Hospital Center, National Social Insurance Fund Hospital, Yaoundé, Cameroon and Higher Institute of Medical Technology, University of Douala, Yaoundé, Cameroon.
² Higher Institute of Medical Technology, University of Douala, Yaoundé, Cameroon.
³ Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Yaoundé 1, Yaoundé, Cameroon.
⁴ African Population and Health Research Center, Dakar, Senegal.

Abstract

Background and objective: Following the recorded progress in the prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV in Yaoundé, Cameroon, the proportion of HIV-exposed infants who are uninfected (UIH) is increasing. These children are subject to infectious and non-infectious fragility. The purpose of this study was to assess infectious morbidity and mortality rates among UIH in Yaoundé, Cameroon.

Methods: We conducted a retrospective cohort study. Infants were included in the study and defined as the study subjects if they were between the ages of 24 months or younger, if they were born to HIV-positive mothers, and if they were confirmed to be HIV-negative. The main study outcomes were morbidity rate (defined as infectious, clinical events that required consultation or hospitalization) and death. Data were entered and saved in the Census and Survey Processing System (Cspro) 7.3. Statistical analyses were performed in R Software 3.6.2. The significance level was set at 0.05.

Results: In total, 240 subjects were recruited of whom 53.3% were males. Most of the HIV-positive mothers (95.7%) had used combination antiretroviral (ARV) therapy for at least four weeks during pregnancy. Among the subjects, 93.2% received ARV prophylaxis, 68.7% were exclusively breastfed for six months, 94.7% were fully vaccinated, and 60.6% had received cotrimoxazole up to the detection of the non-infection. Overall, the morbidity rate stood at 34.2%. The incidence of morbidity was 3 per 1,000 child months of the follow-up. The main pathologies were acute respiratory infections (60.79%) and malaria (17.65%). Three deaths were recorded, representing an overall mortality rate of 1.25% for an incidence of 1.1 per 1,000 child months of the follow-up (FU). Clinical events were more frequent in mothers diagnosed with HIV during pregnancy under the azidothymidine (AZT) + lamivudine (3TC) + névirapine (NVP) -based protocol (odds ratio of 3.83 [1.09-14.45; p = 0.039]). Morbidity was also higher for the follow-up periods of less than six months.

Conclusion and global health implications: The overall mortality rate among UIH was low. However, the morbidity rate was considerably higher. Emphasis should be focused on in-care retention for up to 24 months for all UIH, which should include monitoring of HIV-infected mothers prior to pregnancy.

Keywords: ARV Prophylaxis; Clinical Event; Exposed Uninfected; HIV; Infants; Morbidity; Mortality; Retrospective Cohort Study; Yaoundé.