True Ileal Amino Acid Digestibility and Protein Quality of 15N-Labeled Faba Bean in Healthy Humans

Abstract

Background: The recommended transition toward more plant-based diets, particularly containing legumes, requires a wider knowledge of plant protein bioavailability. Faba beans are cultivated at different latitudes and are used increasingly in human nutrition.

Objectives: We aimed to assess the nutritional quality of faba bean protein in healthy volunteers equipped with an intestinal tube to implement the ileal ¹⁵N balance method.

Methods: Nine volunteers completed the study (7 males, 2 females, aged 33 ± 10 y, BMI: 24.7 ± 2.6 kg/m²). They were equipped with a nasoileal tube. After fasting overnight, they ingested a test meal consisting of cooked mash of dehulled faba bean seeds (20 g protein per serving of approximately 250 g) intrinsically labeled with ¹⁵N. Samples of ileal contents, plasma, and urine were collected over an 8-h postprandial period. Undigested nitrogen (N) and amino acids (AAs) were determined using isotopic MS, and subsequently, ileal digestibility and digestible indispensable amino acid score (DIAAS) were calculated. The measurement of postprandial deamination allowed calculation of the net postprandial protein utilization (NPPU).

Results: The ileal N digestibility was 84.1% ± 7.7%. Postprandial deamination represented 19.2% ± 3.6% of ingested N, and the NPPU was 64.7% ± 9.7%. The ileal digestibility of individual AAs varied from 85.1% ± 13.7% for histidine to 94.2% ± 3.6% for glutamine + glutamate. The mean AA digestibility was ∼6 percentage points higher than the digestibility of N, reaching 89.8% ± 5.9%, whereas indispensable AA digestibility was 88.0% ± 7.3%. Histidine and tryptophan were the first limiting AAs [DIAAS = 0.77 (calculated by legume-specific N-to-protein conversion factor 5.4); 0.67 (by default factor 6.25)]. Sulfur AAs were limiting to a lesser extent [DIAA ratio = 0.94 (N × 5.4); 0.81 (N × 6.25)].

Conclusions: Protein ileal digestibility of cooked, dehulled faba beans in humans was moderate (<85%), but that of AAs was close to 90%. Overall protein quality was restricted by the limited histidine and tryptophan content. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT05047757.

Keywords: (15)N faba beans; DIAAS; healthy volunteers; intestinal tubes; nitrogen retention; true ileal digestibility.