Nanometer-scale control over surface functionality is important in applications ranging from nanoscale electronics to regenerative medicine. However, approaches that provide precise control over surface chemistry at the nanometer scale are often challenging to use with higher throughput and in more heterogeneous environments (e.g., complex solutions, porous interfaces) common for many applications. Here, we demonstrate a scalable inkjet-based method to generate 1 nm-wide functional patterns on 2D materials such as graphite, which can then be transferred to soft materials such as hydrogels. We examine fluid dynamics associated with the inkjet printing process for low-viscosity amphiphile inks designed to maximize ordering with limited residue and show that microscale droplet fluid dynamics influence nanoscale molecular ordering. Additionally, we show that scalable patterns generated in this way can be transferred to hydrogel materials and used to create surface chemical patterns that induce adsorption of charged particles, with effects strong enough to overcome electrostatic repulsion between a charged hydrogel and a like-charged nanoparticle.
Keywords: chemical patterning; hydrogel; inkjet; monolayer; polydiacetylene; scalable; surface chemistry.