Background and objectives: This study compares the clinical properties of original breast ultrasound images and those synthesized by a generative adversarial network (GAN) to assess the clinical usefulness of GAN-synthesized images.
Materials and methods: We retrospectively collected approximately 200 breast ultrasound images for each of five representative histological tissue types (cyst, fibroadenoma, scirrhous, solid, and tubule-forming invasive ductal carcinomas) as training images. A deep convolutional GAN (DCGAN) image-generation model synthesized images of the five histological types. Two diagnostic radiologists (reader 1 with 13 years of experience and reader 2 with 7 years of experience) were given a reading test consisting of 50 synthesized and 50 original images (≥1-month interval between sets) to assign the perceived histological tissue type. The percentages of correct diagnoses were calculated, and the reader agreement was assessed using the kappa coefficient.
Results: The synthetic and original images were indistinguishable. The correct diagnostic rates from the synthetic images for readers 1 and 2 were 86.0% and 78.0% and from the original images were 88.0% and 78.0%, respectively. The kappa values were 0.625 and 0.650 for the synthetic and original images, respectively. The diagnoses made from the DCGAN synthetic images and original images were similar.
Conclusion: The DCGAN-synthesized images closely resemble the original ultrasound images in clinical characteristics, suggesting their potential utility in clinical education and training, particularly for enhancing diagnostic skills in breast ultrasound imaging.
Keywords: artificial intelligence; breast cancer; deep learning; generative adversarial networks; generative artificial intelligence; ultrasound.