Background: Functional tic-like behaviors (FTLBs) can be difficult to distinguish from tics.
Objectives: To describe the phenomenology of FTLBs in youth and assess the movements and vocalizations most suggestive of the diagnosis.
Methods: We compared the phenomenology of tics between youth (<20 yr) with FTLBs and with primary tics from our Registry in Calgary, Canada.
Results: Two hundred and thirty-six youths were included: 195 with primary tics (75% males; mean age: 10.8 yr) and 41 with FTLBs (98% females; 16.1 yr). In the bivariate models, FTLBs were most associated with copropraxia (OR = 15.5), saying words (OR = 14.5), coprolalia (OR = 13.1), popping (OR = 11.0), whistling (OR = 9.8), simple head movements (OR = 8.6), and self-injurious behaviors (OR = 6.9). In the multivariable model, FTLBs were still associated with saying words (OR = 13.5) and simple head movements (OR = 6.3). Only 12.2% of youth with FTLBs had throat clearing tics (OR = 0.2).
Conclusions: This study shall help physicians diagnose youth with FTLBs according to the presence/association of specific movements and vocalizations.
Keywords: Tourette's syndrome; functional movement disorders; functional tic‐like behaviors; tic disorders.
© 2024 The Authors. Movement Disorders Clinical Practice published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.