Long-term ecological restoration increased plant diversity and soil total phosphorus content of the alpine flowing sand land in northwest Sichuan, China

Xue Jiang; Yanping Qu; Houyuan Zeng; Jingtian Yang; Lei Liu; Dongzhou Deng; Yunlong Ma; Dechao Chen; Banghong Jian; Lingliang Guan; Li He

doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e24035

Long-term ecological restoration increased plant diversity and soil total phosphorus content of the alpine flowing sand land in northwest Sichuan, China

Heliyon. 2024 Jan 3;10(2):e24035. doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e24035. eCollection 2024 Jan 30.

Authors

Xue Jiang^{1

2}, Yanping Qu³, Houyuan Zeng³, Jingtian Yang², Lei Liu^{1

2}, Dongzhou Deng⁴, Yunlong Ma¹, Dechao Chen⁴, Banghong Jian³, Lingliang Guan⁵, Li He⁴

Affiliations

¹ Engineering Research Center for Forest and Grassland Disaster Prevention and Reduction, Mianyang Normal University, Mianyang, 621000, China.
² Ecological and Security Key laboratory of Sichuan Province, Mianyang Normal University, Mianyang, 621000, China.
³ College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Mianyang Normal University, Mianyang, 621000, China.
⁴ Sichuan Academy of Forestry Sciences, Chengdu, 610081, China.
⁵ Tropical Crops Genetic Resources Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, 571737, China.

Abstract

The ecological restoration techniques that combine grazing, sand barriers with willows, fertilization, artificial planting, and continuous management are increasingly adopted in the management of flowing sandy land in high-altitude and cold regions. However, few studies have focused on the long-term ecological restoration effects of such technologies. This study systematically compared the vegetation and soil characteristics under different ecological restoration durations (0 (CK), 3 (F1), 14 (F2), 26 (F3), and 46 (F4) years) in the alpine sandy land of northwest Sichuan. The results showed that, with the increase of ecological restoration durations, (1) the aboveground and underground biomass of plants, and species number significantly increased, while the shannon-wiener index, margalef index, and simpson index dramatically decreased; (2) in the early stage of ecological restoration (0-3 yr), Cyperaceae accounted for the main groups, while in the late stage of ecological restoration (14-46 yr), Leguminosae and Forb groups predominated; (3) ecological restoration durations significantly influenced the total phosphorus (TP) content at a soil depth of 0-60 cm, but soil organic carbon and C/P ratio were only significantly impacted at 40-60 cm; (4) the plant and soil characteristics of F1, F2, and F3 treatments were more similar, and CK and F4 treatments were clearly distinguished on PC1 of principal component analysis; (5) there was no significant correlation between Leguminosae groups and environmental factors. Instead, a correlation between total nitrogen (TN) and Forb groups, Gramineae groups, and Cyperaceae groups was revealed. TN was very significantly positively correlated with species diversity and TP. Long-term ecological restoration improved plants biomass, plant species diversity, functional plant groups, and increased soil TP content in the alpine sandy land of northwest Sichuan.

Keywords: Alpine region; Ecological restoration durations; Flowing sandy land; Soil characteristics; Vegetation functional group composition.