Case report: Overlapping anti-AMPAR encephalitis with anti-IgLON5 disease post herpes simplex virus encephalitis

Front Immunol. 2024 Jan 8:14:1329540. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1329540. eCollection 2023.

Abstract

Autoimmune encephalitis (AE) is the result of an autoimmune process that occurs as a rapidly advancing encephalopathy. Autoimmune encephalitis was commonly linked to herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) as the most frequently identified virus. The main areas affected by this invasion are the temporal lobe, frontal lobe, and limbic system. Limbic encephalitis is a highly uncommon occurrence involving anti-alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid receptor (AMPAR) encephalitis and anti-IgLON family member 5 (IgLON5) disease, both belonging to the rare category. As far as we know, this is the first report showing that a patient diagnosed with AMPAR encephalitis overlapped with anti-IgLON5 disease post herpes simplex virus encephalitis (HSE), which helps to broaden the range of this uncommon autoimmune disease. We recommend autoantibody testing in all patients with HSE, particularly those involving neurological relapses or progression.

Keywords: anti-AMPAR encephalitis; anti-IgLON5 disease; autoimmune encephalitis; herpes simplex virus 1; overlap.

Publication types

  • Case Reports
  • Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

MeSH terms

  • Brain Diseases*
  • Cell Adhesion Molecules, Neuronal
  • Encephalitis, Herpes Simplex* / drug therapy
  • Hashimoto Disease*
  • Herpesvirus 1, Human*
  • Humans

Substances

  • Cell Adhesion Molecules, Neuronal
  • IgLON5 protein, human

Supplementary concepts

  • Hashimoto's encephalitis

Grants and funding

The author(s) declare financial support was received for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article. This study was funded by a research grant from the Key R&D Program of Shaanxi Province (no.2022ZDLSF03-07).