Mitochondria undergo repeated cycles of fusion and fission that regulate their size and shape by a process known as mitochondrial dynamics. Numerous studies have revealed the importance of this process in maintaining mitochondrial health and cellular homeostasis, particularly in highly metabolically active tissues such as skeletal muscle and the heart. Here, we review the literature on the relationship between mitochondrial dynamics and the pathophysiology of type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease (CVD). Importantly, we emphasize divergent outcomes resulting from downregulating distinct mitochondrial dynamics proteins in various tissues. This review underscores compensatory mechanisms and adaptive pathways that offset potentially detrimental effects, resulting instead in improved metabolic health. Finally, we offer a perspective on potential therapeutic implications of modulating mitochondrial dynamics proteins for treatment of diabetes and CVD.
© 2024 by the American Diabetes Association.