Urinary Bladder Cancer Induced by N-Butyl-N-(4-Hydroxybutyl)-Nitrosamine

Abstract

Urinary bladder cancer is the tenth most common cancer worldwide with high morbidity and mortality. The majority of bladder cancers are urothelial carcinomas. More than half are papillomas or the papillary urothelial carcinomas (stages Ta and T1), which have a relatively good prognosis. Squamous cell carcinomas have a variable survival rate, while carcinomas in situ (Tis) can progress to muscle-invasive urothelial carcinomas (T2) with a poor prognosis. The most challenging feature of bladder cancer is its high recurrence rate, ranging from 50% to 90% of cases. The N-butyl-N-(4-hydroxybutyl)-nitrosamine (BBN) model is an invaluable experimental tool for bladder cancer research, as BBN-induced bladder cancer in rodents resembles human bladder cancer in its morphological, biological, and molecular features. We present here a detailed protocol for the treatment of mice and the main expected results.

Keywords: Atypia; Dysplasia; Hyperplasia; Invasive urothelial carcinomas; N-butyl-N-(4-hydroxybutyl)-nitrosamine (BBN); Papillary urothelial carcinoma; Urinary bladder; Urinary bladder cancer; Urothelium.