Optic nerve injury can result in the loss of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) and their axons, representing a significant cause of irreversible vision impairment. Immune response is a common step following injury, and it often exhibits contrasting effects in optic nerve pathologies. Immune cells play a crucial role in this process, and understanding the differentiation of various immune cells post-injury, mitigating their neurotoxicity, and directing them towards a beneficial outcome for the protection of RGCs and axons are vital for optic nerve preservation. This paper provides a comprehensive review of the research progress on immune cells such as macrophages, microglia, T cells, and others in the field of optic nerve injury. Additionally, discussions include the identification of cell phenotypes and the exploration of the novel concept of innate immunity possibly possessing memory.
视神经损伤可导致视网膜神经节细胞（RGC）及其轴突的丢失，是造成视力不可逆损伤的重要原因。免疫反应是损伤后的共同步骤，且在视神经病变中常表现出截然相反的作用。免疫细胞是其中重要一环，把握好各种免疫细胞在损伤后的分化，减轻其神经毒性，促使免疫细胞朝着有利于保护RGC及轴突的方向发展对于视神经保护十分重要。本文主要对巨噬细胞、小胶质细胞、T细胞等免疫细胞在视神经损伤领域中的研究进展进行综述。此外还对如何深入识别细胞表型以及“固有免疫可能具有记忆”这一新观点等进行讨论。.