Optimizing green approach to enhanced antioxidants from Thai pigmented rice bran using deep eutectic solvent-based ultrasonic-assisted extraction

Pacharawan Ratanasongtham; Wasitthi Bunmusik; Suwaporn Luangkamin; Sugunya Mahatheeranont; Panawan Suttiarporn

doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e23525

Optimizing green approach to enhanced antioxidants from Thai pigmented rice bran using deep eutectic solvent-based ultrasonic-assisted extraction

Heliyon. 2023 Dec 13;10(1):e23525. doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e23525. eCollection 2024 Jan 15.

Authors

Pacharawan Ratanasongtham¹, Wasitthi Bunmusik², Suwaporn Luangkamin³, Sugunya Mahatheeranont⁴, Panawan Suttiarporn²

Affiliations

¹ Faculty of Science and Technology, Valaya Alongkorn Rajabhat University under the Royal Patronage, Pathum Thani, 13180, Thailand.
² Faculty of Science, Energy and Environment, King Mongkut's University of Technology North Bangkok, Rayong Campus, Rayong, 21120, Thailand.
³ Department of Fundamental Science and Physical Education, Faculty of Science at Sriracha, Kasetsart University, Sriracha Campus, Chonburi, 20230, Thailand.
⁴ Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand.

Abstract

Deep eutectic solvents (DES) have garnered significant attention as extraction media owing to their commendable attributes of being environmentally sustainable and the inherent adaptability of DES's versatile physical and chemical characteristics. The present study investigated the effects of deep eutectic solvents on the total contents of anthocyanin, phenolic, and flavonoids, as well as the antioxidant activity of Thai pigmented rice bran extract. The optimal extraction parameters for deep eutectic solvent-based ultrasonic-assisted extraction (DES-UAE) were also determined using the response surface methodology (RSM). The optimal conditions for the extraction of anthocyanins and other antioxidants from pigmented rice bran using a deep eutectic solvent were choline chloride: ethylene glycol (Ch:Eg) at a 1:2 ratio, mixed with 20 % water as a solvent. The ultrasonic-assisted extraction (UAE) at 37 kHz of frequency, 50 °C of temperature, 40 min of extraction time, and a 1:6 g/mL of solid-to-solvent ratio yielded a total anthocyanin content of 4.55 ± 0.09 mg C3G/g DW, a total phenolic content of 26.49 ± 0.62 mg GAE/g DW, a total flavonoid content of 6.57 ± 0.55 mg QE/g DW, and a percent inhibition of DPPH radical of 77.83 ± 1.51. By comparing the antioxidant content that was extracted from three cultivars of pigmented rice, it was found that Leum Pua black rice bran provided significantly higher antioxidant content compared to Hom Nin purple rice bran and Mali Dang red rice bran. This research suggests an achievable, eco-friendly, and effective method for preparing high-quality, consumer-safe Thai rice bran as a raw material for nutraceuticals.

Keywords: Antioxidant compounds; Deep eutectic solvent; Green extraction; Thai pigmented rice bran.