Cyclic fatigue of a repaired 4 YSZ ceramic: Effect of the repair protocol on the adhesive and mechanical behavior

Pablo Machado Soares; Lucas Saldanha da Rosa; Rafaela Oliveira Pilecco; Gabriel Kalil Rocha Pereira; Amanda Maria de Oliveira Dal Piva; João Paulo Mendes Tribst; Luiz Felipe Valandro; Cornelis Johannes Kleverlaan; Marilia Pivetta Rippe

doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e23709

Cyclic fatigue of a repaired 4 YSZ ceramic: Effect of the repair protocol on the adhesive and mechanical behavior

Heliyon. 2023 Dec 15;10(1):e23709. doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e23709. eCollection 2024 Jan 15.

Authors

Pablo Machado Soares¹, Lucas Saldanha da Rosa¹, Rafaela Oliveira Pilecco¹, Gabriel Kalil Rocha Pereira¹, Amanda Maria de Oliveira Dal Piva², João Paulo Mendes Tribst³, Luiz Felipe Valandro¹, Cornelis Johannes Kleverlaan², Marilia Pivetta Rippe¹

Affiliations

¹ Post-Graduate Program in Oral Sciences, Center for Development of Advanced Materials, Division of Prosthodontics-Biomaterials, Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, Brazil.
² Department of Dental Materials Science, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), Universiteit van Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, North Holland, the Netherlands.
³ Department of Reconstructive Oral Care, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), Universiteit van Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, North Holland, the Netherlands.

Abstract

Objective: To evaluate the effect of different surface treatments on the morphology, shear bond, and flexural fatigue strength of a repaired translucent zirconia.

Methods: Monolithic disc-shaped specimens of translucent zirconia were prepared and ground to simulate repair areas. Four groups underwent different treatments: Air-MDP (air-abrasion with alumina particles and 10-MDP primer), Si-Sil (silica-coated alumina particles with MDP-containing silane), Si-MDP (silica coating with 10-MDP primer), and Uni adhe (universal adhesive). After roughness measurements and treatments, repairs were done using resin composite. Shear bond and flexural (n = 15) fatigue tests were performed. Surface topography, interfacial analysis, fractographic, and finite element analysis were conducted.

Results: The zirconia roughness was similar between the groups, however, the surface topography was modified according to the surface treatments. Si-Sil generated higher and more stable bond strength values (20.69 MPa) between translucent zirconia and resin composite when compared to Uni adhe (15.75 MPa) considering the fatigue bond strength scenario, while it was similar to Si-MDP (17.70 MPa) and Air-MDP (18.97 MPa). Regarding the mechanical behavior, Si-Sil (680.83 MPa) also showed higher and significantly different fatigue strength when compared to Uni adhe (584.55 MPa), while both were similar to Si-MDP (634.22 MPa) and Air-MDP (641.86 MPa).

Conclusion: The association of mechanical and chemical approaches is essential for long-term bond strength and optimized mechanical behavior, being air-abrasion protocols and the use of silane and/or MDP-based primers suitable for zirconia repair protocols. It was found that relying solely on a universal adhesive was not as effective as other options available.

Clinical significance: The surface treatment of repair protocols affects translucent zirconia's morphology. To enhance fatigue behavior in repaired monolithic zirconia, air abrasion is crucial. Exclusive use of a universal adhesive is less effective than other choices. A primer containing silane/MDP holds the potential for stable bond strength and optimized mechanical performance.