Sc, Zr, Hf, and Mn Metal Nanoparticles: Reactive Starting Materials for Synthesis Near Room Temperature

Lara-Pauline Faden; Andreas Reiß; Radian Popescu; Carsten Donsbach; Jörg Göttlicher; Tonya Vitova; Dagmar Gerthsen; Claus Feldmann

doi:10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c03074

Sc, Zr, Hf, and Mn Metal Nanoparticles: Reactive Starting Materials for Synthesis Near Room Temperature

Inorg Chem. 2024 Jan 15;63(2):1020-1034. doi: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c03074. Epub 2024 Jan 4.

Authors

Lara-Pauline Faden¹, Andreas Reiß¹, Radian Popescu², Carsten Donsbach¹, Jörg Göttlicher³, Tonya Vitova⁴, Dagmar Gerthsen², Claus Feldmann¹

Affiliations

¹ Institute for Inorganic Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstrasse 15, D-76131 Karlsruhe, Germany.
² Laboratory for Electron Microscopy, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstraße 7, D-76131 Karlsruhe, Germany.
³ Institute for Photon Science and Synchrotron Radiation, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), P.O. 3640, D-76021 Karlsruhe, Germany.
⁴ Institute for Nuclear Waste Disposal, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), P.O. 3640, D-76021 Karlsruhe, Germany.

PMID: 38176690
PMCID: PMC10793604 (available on 2025-01-04)
DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c03074

Abstract

Zerovalent scandium, zirconium, hafnium, and manganese nanoparticles are prepared by reduction of ScCl₃, ZrCl₄, HfCl₄, and MnCl₂ with lithium or sodium naphthalenide in a one-pot, liquid-phase synthesis. Small-sized monocrystalline nanoparticles are obtained with diameters of 2.4 ± 0.2 nm (Sc), 4.0 ± 0.9 nm (Zr), 8.0 ± 3.9 nm (Hf) and 2.4 ± 0.3 nm (Mn). Thereof, Zr(0) and Hf(0) nanoparticles with such size are shown for the first time. To probe the reactivity and reactions of the as-prepared Sc(0), Zr(0), Hf(0), and Mn(0) nanoparticles, they are exemplarily reacted in the liquid phase (e.g., THF, toluene, ionic liquids) with different sterically demanding, monodentate to multidentate ligands, mainly comprising O-H and N-H acidic alcohols and amines. These include isopropanol (HOⁱPr), 1,1'-bi-2-naphthol (H₂binol), N,N'-bis(salicylidene)ethylenediamine (H₂salen), 2-mercaptopyridine (2-Hmpy), 2,6-diisopropylaniline (H₂dipa), carbazole (Hcz), triphenylphosphane (PPh₃), N,N,N',N'-tetramethylethylenediamine (tmeda), 2,2'-bipyridine (bipy), N,N'-diphenylformamidine (Hdpfa), N,N'-(2,6-diisopropylphenyl)-2,4-pentanediimine ((dipp)₂nacnacH), 2,2'-dipydridylamine (Hdpa), and 2,6-bis(2-benzimidazolyl)pyridine (H₂bbp). As a result, 22 new compounds are obtained, which frequently exhibit a metal center coordinated only by the sterically demanding ligand. Options and restrictions for the liquid-phase syntheses of novel coordination compounds using the oxidation of base-metal nanoparticles near room temperature are evaluated.