Evaluating the risk of phthalate and non-phthalate plasticizers in dust samples from 100 Japanese houses

Naohide Shinohara; Tomoko Oguri; Mai Takagi; Jun Ueyama; Tomohiko Isobe

doi:10.1016/j.envint.2023.108399

Evaluating the risk of phthalate and non-phthalate plasticizers in dust samples from 100 Japanese houses

Environ Int. 2024 Jan:183:108399. doi: 10.1016/j.envint.2023.108399. Epub 2023 Dec 22.

Authors

Naohide Shinohara¹, Tomoko Oguri², Mai Takagi³, Jun Ueyama⁴, Tomohiko Isobe³

Affiliations

¹ Research Institute of Science for Safety and Sustainability (RISS), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 16-1 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Japan. Electronic address: n-shinohara@aist.go.jp.
² Research Institute of Science for Safety and Sustainability (RISS), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 16-1 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Japan.
³ Health and Environmental Risk Division, National Institute for Environmental Studies, 16-2 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Japan.
⁴ Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya University, 1-1-20 Daikominami, Higashi-ku, Nagoya, Japan.

PMID: 38157606
DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2023.108399

Abstract

Phthalates are widely used as plasticizer and associated with various health issues. Recently, non-phthalate plasticizers are replacing phthalates; however, the exposure to these substances and the risk in Japan is unclear. In this study, we assessed the concentrations of phthalates, non-phthalate plasticizers, and phthalate degradation products in house dust and determined their respective exposure risks via oral and dermal routes. Twelve phthalates, seven non-phthalate plasticizers, and two degradation products were determined in the house dust obtained from 100 Japanese homes. The median concentration of di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), accounting for 85 % of the total concentration of phthalates and non-phthalate plasticizers detected in this study, was 2.1 × 10³ μg/g of dust. Apart from DEHP, diisononyl phthalate (DINP) and di(2-ethylhexyl) terephthalate (DEHT) were the most abundant in the house dust, accounting for 6.2 % (median: 1.7 × 10² μg/g of dust) and 6.1 % (median: 1.7 × 10² μg/g of dust) of the total concentrations, respectively. DEHP and DEHT concentrations in house dust were higher in apartment and small houses (floor area: ≤30 m² or 31-60 m² for DEHP and 31-60 m² for DEHT) than in detached and large houses (floor area: ≥121 m²). Conversely, di-n-butyl phthalate (DnBP) concentrations were significantly higher in detached and large houses (floor area: ≥121 m²) than in apartment and small houses (floor area: ≤30 m²). The total hazard quotient (HQ), using the maximum concentration in house dust, revealed that oral and dermal exposure to house dust was 1.3 × 10^-6-0.11 for adults (all substances) and 1.6 × 10^-5-2.2 × 10^-2 for preschool children (except for DnBP and DEHP), suggesting no risk. The HQs for DnBP and DEHP exposure via house dust for preschool children using the maximum values were 0.46 and 1.2, and 6.0 × 10^-3 and 0.18 using the median values, indicating that risk of DEHP exposure should be exhaustively determined by considering other exposure routes that were not evaluated in this study, such as diet.

Keywords: ATBC; Bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate; DEHT; DINCH; House dust; TOTM.

MeSH terms

2,4-Dinitrophenol / analogs & derivatives*
Adult
Child, Preschool
Dibutyl Phthalate
Diethylhexyl Phthalate*
Dust / analysis
Environmental Exposure / analysis
Humans
Japan
Phthalic Acids* / analysis
Plasticizers / analysis

Substances

phthalic acid
Plasticizers
Diethylhexyl Phthalate
Dust
dinoseb
Phthalic Acids
Dibutyl Phthalate
2,4-Dinitrophenol