Care of Injured Children Compared to Adults at District and Regional Hospitals in Ghana and the Impact of a Trauma Intake Form: A Stepped-Wedge Cluster Randomized Trial

Adam Gyedu; Adamu Issaka; Anthony Baffour Appiah; Peter Donkor; Charles Mock

doi:10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2023.12.001

Care of Injured Children Compared to Adults at District and Regional Hospitals in Ghana and the Impact of a Trauma Intake Form: A Stepped-Wedge Cluster Randomized Trial

J Pediatr Surg. 2023 Dec 10:S0022-3468(23)00732-7. doi: 10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2023.12.001. Online ahead of print.

Authors

Adam Gyedu¹, Adamu Issaka², Anthony Baffour Appiah³, Peter Donkor⁴, Charles Mock⁵

Affiliations

¹ Department of Surgery, School of Medicine and Dentistry, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana; University Hospital, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana. Electronic address: drgyedu@gmail.com.
² Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University for Development Studies, Tamale, Ghana.
³ Ghana Field Epidemiology and Laboratory Training Program, School of Public Health, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana.
⁴ Department of Surgery, School of Medicine and Dentistry, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana.
⁵ Department of Surgery, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Harborview Injury Prevention and Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA.

PMID: 38154994
DOI: 10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2023.12.001

Abstract

Background: This study aimed to determine the effectiveness of a standardized trauma intake form (TIF) to improve achievement of key performance indicators (KPIs) of initial trauma care among injured children, compared to adults, at non-tertiary hospitals in Ghana.

Methods: A stepped-wedge cluster randomized trial was performed with research assistants directly observing the management of injured patients before and after introducing the TIF at emergency units of 8 non-tertiary hospitals for 17.5 months. Differences in outcomes between children and adults in periods before and after TIF introduction were determined with multivariable logistic regression. Differences in outcomes among children after TIF introduction were determined using generalized linear mixed regression.

Results: Management of 3889 injured patients was observed; 757 (19%) were children <18 years. Trauma care KPIs at baseline were lower for children compared to adults. Improvements in primary survey KPIs were observed among children after TIF introduction. Examples include airway assessment [279 (71%) to 359 (98%); adjusted odds ratio (AOR): 74.42, p = 0.005)] and chest examination [225 (58%) to 349 (95%); AOR 53.80, p = 0.002)]. However, despite these improvements, achievement of KPIs was still lower compared to adults. Examples are pelvic fracture evaluation [children: 295 (80%) vs adults: 1416 (88%), AOR: 0.56, p = 0.001] and respiratory rate assessment (children: 310 (84%) vs adults: 1458 (91%), AOR: 058, p = 0.030).

Conclusions: While the TIF was effective in improving most KPIs of pediatric trauma care, more targeted education is needed to bridge the gap in quality between pediatric and adult trauma care at non-tertiary hospitals in Ghana and other low- and middle-income countries.

Type of study: Stepped-wedged cluster randomized controlled trial.

Level of evidence: I.

Keywords: Checklist; Ghana; Non-tertiary hospital; Pediatric; Trauma care; Trauma intake form.