Roles and functions of IAV proteins in host immune evasion

Farooq Rashid; Zhixun Xie; Meng Li; Zhiqin Xie; Sisi Luo; Liji Xie

doi:10.3389/fimmu.2023.1323560

Roles and functions of IAV proteins in host immune evasion

Front Immunol. 2023 Dec 13:14:1323560. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1323560. eCollection 2023.

Authors

Farooq Rashid^{1

2

3}, Zhixun Xie^{1

2

3}, Meng Li^{1

2

3}, Zhiqin Xie^{1

2

3}, Sisi Luo^{1

2

3}, Liji Xie^{1

2

3}

Affiliations

¹ Department of Biotechnology, Guangxi Veterinary Research Institute, Nanning, China.
² Guangxi Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Nanning, China.
³ Key Laboratory of China (Guangxi)-ASEAN Cross-border Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of China, Nanning, China.

Abstract

Influenza A viruses (IAVs) evade the immune system of the host by several regulatory mechanisms. Their genomes consist of eight single-stranded segments, including nonstructural proteins (NS), basic polymerase 1 (PB1), basic polymerase 2 (PB2), hemagglutinin (HA), acidic polymerase (PA), matrix (M), neuraminidase (NA), and nucleoprotein (NP). Some of these proteins are known to suppress host immune responses. In this review, we discuss the roles, functions and underlying strategies adopted by IAV proteins to escape the host immune system by targeting different proteins in the interferon (IFN) signaling pathway, such as tripartite motif containing 25 (TRIM25), inhibitor of nuclear factor κB kinase (IKK), mitochondrial antiviral signaling protein (MAVS), Janus kinase 1 (JAK1), type I interferon receptor (IFNAR1), interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF3), IRF7, and nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB). To date, the IAV proteins NS1, NS2, PB1, PB1-F2, PB2, HA, and PA have been well studied in terms of their roles in evading the host immune system. However, the detailed mechanisms of NS3, PB1-N40, PA-N155, PA-N182, PA-X, M42, NA, and NP have not been well studied with respect to their roles in immune evasion. Moreover, we also highlight the future perspectives of research on IAV proteins.

Keywords: IAV proteins; IAVs; IFNs; host immune system; immune evasion.

Publication types

Review
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

MeSH terms

Immune Evasion*
Influenza A virus*
Interferons / metabolism
Proteins / metabolism

Substances

Proteins
Interferons

Grants and funding

The author(s) declare financial support was received for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article. The project was funded by grants from the Guangxi Science and Technology Project (No. AB21076004), the Guangxi Science Base and Talents Special Program (AD17195083), and the Guangxi BaGui Scholars Program Foundation (2019A50).