Developing an interpretable machine learning model for predicting COVID-19 patients deteriorating prior to intensive care unit admission using laboratory markers

A Reina-Reina; J M Barrera; A Maté; J C Trujillo; B Valdivieso; María-Eugenia Gas

doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e22878

Developing an interpretable machine learning model for predicting COVID-19 patients deteriorating prior to intensive care unit admission using laboratory markers

Heliyon. 2023 Nov 28;9(12):e22878. doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e22878. eCollection 2023 Dec.

Authors

A Reina-Reina^{1

2}, J M Barrera^{1

2}, A Maté^{1

2}, J C Trujillo^{1

2}, B Valdivieso^{3

4}, María-Eugenia Gas⁴

Affiliations

¹ Lucentia Research. Department of Software and Computing System, University of Alicante, Carretera San Vicente del Raspeig s/n, 03690, Alicante, Spain.
² Lucentia Lab, Av. Pintor Pérez Gil, 16, 03540, Alicante, Spain.
³ The University and Polytechnic La Fe Hospital of Valencia, Avenida Fernando Abril Martorell, 106 Torre H 1st floor, 46026, Valencia, Spain.
⁴ The Medical Research Institute of Hospital La Fe, Avenida Fernando Abril Martorell, 106 Torre F 7th floor, 46026, Valencia, Spain.

Abstract

Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) remains a significant global health challenge, prompting a transition from emergency response to comprehensive management strategies. Furthermore, the emergence of new variants of concern, such as BA.2.286, underscores the need for early detection and response to new variants, which continues to be a crucial strategy for mitigating the impact of COVID-19, especially among the vulnerable population. This study aims to anticipate patients requiring intensive care or facing elevated mortality risk throughout their COVID-19 infection while also identifying laboratory predictive markers for early diagnosis of patients. Therefore, haematological, biochemical, and demographic variables were retrospectively evaluated in 8,844 blood samples obtained from 2,935 patients before intensive care unit admission using an interpretable machine learning model. Feature selection techniques were applied using precision-recall measures to address data imbalance and evaluate the suitability of the different variables. The model was trained using stratified cross-validation with k=5 and internally validated, achieving an accuracy of 77.27%, sensitivity of 78.55%, and area under the receiver operating characteristic (AUC) of 0.85; successfully identifying patients at increased risk of severe progression. From a medical perspective, the most important features of the progression or severity of patients with COVID-19 were lactate dehydrogenase, age, red blood cell distribution standard deviation, neutrophils, and platelets, which align with findings from several prior investigations. In light of these insights, diagnostic processes can be significantly expedited through the use of laboratory tests, with a greater focus on key indicators. This strategic approach not only improves diagnostic efficiency but also extends its reach to a broader spectrum of patients. In addition, it allows healthcare professionals to take early preventive measures for those most at risk of adverse outcomes, thereby optimising patient care and prognosis.

Keywords: Covid-19; Laboratory markers; Machine learning; Precision medicine.