Needle biopsy accelerates pro-metastatic changes and systemic dissemination in breast cancer: Implications for mortality by surgery delay

Abstract

Increased breast cancer (BC) mortality risk posed by delayed surgical resection of tumor after diagnosis is a growing concern, yet the underlying mechanisms remain unknown. Our cohort analyses of early-stage BC patients reveal the emergence of a significantly rising mortality risk when the biopsy-to-surgery interval was extended beyond 53 days. Additionally, histology of post-biopsy tumors shows prolonged retention of a metastasis-permissive wound stroma dominated by M2-like macrophages capable of promoting cancer cell epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition and angiogenesis. We show that needle biopsy promotes systemic dissemination of cancer cells through a mechanism of sustained activation of the COX-2/PGE₂/EP2 feedforward loop, which favors M2 polarization and its associated pro-metastatic changes but are abrogated by oral treatment with COX-2 or EP2 inhibitors in estrogen-receptor-positive (ER⁺) syngeneic mouse tumor models. Therefore, we conclude that needle biopsy of ER⁺ BC provokes progressive pro-metastatic changes, which may explain the mortality risk posed by surgery delay after diagnosis.

Keywords: COX-2; EP2; M2 macrophage; breast cancer; epithelial-mesenchymal transition; metastasis; needle biopsy; prostaglandin E(2); surgery delay; wound healing.