Spatial distribution of degradation and deforestation of palm swamp peatlands and associated carbon emissions in the Peruvian Amazon

Matthew S Marcus; Kristell Hergoualc'h; Eurídice N Honorio Coronado; Víctor Hugo Gutiérrez-Vélez

doi:10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.119665

Spatial distribution of degradation and deforestation of palm swamp peatlands and associated carbon emissions in the Peruvian Amazon

J Environ Manage. 2024 Feb:351:119665. doi: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.119665. Epub 2023 Dec 12.

Authors

Matthew S Marcus¹, Kristell Hergoualc'h², Eurídice N Honorio Coronado³, Víctor Hugo Gutiérrez-Vélez⁴

Affiliations

¹ Temple University, Department of Geography and Urban Studies, Philadelphia, PA, USA; University of Arizona, School of Geography, Development and Environment, Tucson, AZ, USA. Electronic address: tuh48929@temple.edu.
² Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR), Lima, Peru; Centre de coopération International en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (CIRAD), UMR Eco&Sols, Montpellier, France.
³ School of Geography and Sustainable Development, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, KY16 9AL, United Kingdom.
⁴ Temple University, Department of Geography and Urban Studies, Philadelphia, PA, USA.

PMID: 38086114
DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.119665

Abstract

The vast peat deposits in the Peruvian Amazon are crucial to the global climate. Palm swamp, the most extensive regional peatland ecosystem faces different threats, including deforestation and degradation due to felling of the dominant palm Mauritia flexuosa for fruit harvesting. While these activities convert this natural C sink into a source, the distribution of degradation and deforestation in this ecosystem and related C emissions remain unstudied. We used remote sensing data from Landsat, ALOS-PALSAR, and NASA's GEDI spaceborne LiDAR-derived products to map palm swamp degradation and deforestation within a 28 Mha area of the lowland Peruvian Amazon in 1990-2007 and 2007-2018. We combined this information with a regional peat map, C stock density data and peat emission factors to determine (1) peatland C stocks of peat-forming ecosystems (palm swamp, herbaceous swamp, pole forest), and (2) areas of palm swamp peatland degradation and deforestation and associated C emissions. In the 6.9 ± 0.1 Mha of predicted peat-forming ecosystems within the larger 28 Mha study area, 73% overlaid peat (5.1 ± 0.9 Mha) and stored 3.88 ± 0.12 Pg C. Degradation and deforestation in palm swamp peatlands totaled 535,423 ± 8,419 ha over 1990-2018, with a pronounced dominance for degradation (85%). The degradation rate increased 15% from 15,400 ha y^-1 (1990-2007) to 17,650 ha y^-1 (2007-2018) and the deforestation rate more than doubled from 1,900 ha y^-1 to 4,200 ha y^-1. Over 1990-2018, emissions from degradation amounted to 26.3 ± 3.5 Tg C and emissions from deforestation were 12.9 ± 0.5 Tg C. The 2007-2018 emission rate from both biomass and peat loss of 1.9 Tg C yr^-1 is four times the average biomass loss rate due to gross deforestation in 2010-2019 reported for the hydromorphic Peruvian Amazon. The magnitude of emissions calls for the country to account for deforestation and degradation of peatlands in national reporting.

Keywords: CO(2) emissions; Climate change; Land cover; Mauritia flexuosa; Remote sensing; Tropical peatlands; Unsustainable fruit harvesting.

MeSH terms

Carbon / analysis
Conservation of Natural Resources
Ecosystem*
Peru
Soil
Tropical Climate
Wetlands*

Substances

Carbon
Soil