Development and application of fluorine doped bismuth vanadate reduced graphene oxide Nafion composite electrode as an electrochemical sensor for 4-chlorophenol

Bahareh Ghorbannejad; Alireza Mahjoub; Nima Dalir

doi:10.1038/s41598-023-49205-y

Development and application of fluorine doped bismuth vanadate reduced graphene oxide Nafion composite electrode as an electrochemical sensor for 4-chlorophenol

Sci Rep. 2023 Dec 11;13(1):21912. doi: 10.1038/s41598-023-49205-y.

Authors

Bahareh Ghorbannejad¹, Alireza Mahjoub², Nima Dalir³

Affiliations

¹ Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, P.O. Box 14115-175, Tehran, Iran.
² Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, P.O. Box 14115-175, Tehran, Iran. Mahjouba@modares.ac.ir.
³ Department of Renewable Energy, Faculty of Interdisciplinary Sciences and Technologies, Tarbiat Modares University, P.O. Box 14115-175, Tehran, Iran.

Abstract

This study describes the synthesis of fluorine-doped bismuth vanadate (F_0.1BiVO₄) and its composite with graphene oxide (GO) to improve charge transport properties. Based on the structural and morphological analysis such as X-Ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), and RAMAN the composite of F_0.1BiVO₄/r-GO/Nafion was successfully prepared with no filth. It was used to selectively detect the environmental contaminant 4-chlorophenol (4-CP) on a modified glassy carbon electrode (GCE). The electron channeling ability of reduced graphene oxide (r-GO) with F_0.1BiVO₄ yielded a great electrochemical response (ER) in cyclic voltammetry compared to pure GCE and other modified electrodes. The differential pulse voltammetry response of 4-CP was highly sensitive with the detection of limit (LOD) of 0.56 nM and a wide linear response of 0.77-45.0 nM. Fluorine doping, in particular, was able to affect the crystal growth of BiVO₄, which was the primary cause of the aforementioned improvement. On the other hand, r-GO acts as an electron bridge to improve charge transfer between electrolytes and F-BiVO₄ due to its high electron transport rate. These results demonstrate the effectiveness of F_0.1BiVO₄/r-GO/Nafion/GCE for the electrochemical detection of 4-CP.