Irreversible inhibition of TRF2TRFH recruiting functions by a covalent cyclic peptide induces telomeric replication stress in cancer cells

Abstract

The TRF2 shelterin component is an essential regulator of telomere homeostasis and genomic stability. Mutations in the TRF2_TRFH domain physically impair t-loop formation and prevent the recruitment of several factors that promote efficient telomere replication, causing telomeric DNA damage. Here, we design, synthesize, and biologically test covalent cyclic peptides that irreversibly target the TRF2_TRFH domain. We identify APOD53 as our most promising compound, as it consistently induces a telomeric DNA damage response in cancer cell lines. APOD53 forms a covalent adduct with a reactive cysteine residue present in the TRF2_TRFH domain and induces phenotypes consistent with TRF2_TRFH domain mutants. These include induction of a telomeric DNA damage response, increased telomeric replication stress, and impaired recruitment of RTEL1 and SLX4 to telomeres. We demonstrate that APOD53 impairs cancer cell growth and find that co-treatment with APOD53 can exacerbate telomere replication stress caused by the G4 stabilizer RHPS4 and low dose aphidicolin (APH).

Keywords: RTEL1; SLX4; TRF2; covalent binder; cyclic peptides; replication stress; shelterin; telomere.