Race- and Gender-Specific Associations between Neighborhood-Level Socioeconomic Status and Body Mass Index: Evidence from the Southern Community Cohort Study

Abstract

Obesity and a low socioeconomic status (SES), measured at the neighborhood level, are more common among Americans of Black race and with a low individual-level SES. We examined the association between the neighborhood SES and body mass index (BMI) using data from 80,970 participants in the Southern Community Cohort Study, a cohort that oversamples Black and low-SES participants. BMI (kg/m²) was examined both continuously and categorically using cut points defined by the CDC. Neighborhood SES was measured using a neighborhood deprivation index composed of census-tract variables in the domains of education, employment, occupation, housing, and poverty. Generally, the participants in lower-SES neighborhoods were more likely to have a higher BMI and to be considered obese. We found effect modification by race and sex, where the neighborhood-BMI association was most apparent in White female participants in all the quintiles of the neighborhood SES (OR_Q2 = 1.55, 95%CI = 1.34, 1.78; OR_Q3 = 1.71, 95%CI = 1.48, 1.98; OR_Q4 = 1.76, 95%CI = 1.52, 2.03; OR_Q5 = 1.64, 95%SE = 1.39, 1.93). Conversely, the neighborhood-BMI association was mostly null in Black male participants (OR_Q2 = 0.91, 95%CI = 0.72, 1.15; OR_Q3 = 1.05, 95%CI = 0.84, 1.31; β_Q4 = 1.00, 95%CI = 0.81, 1.23; OR_Q5 = 0.76, 95%CI = 0.63, 0.93). Within all the subgroups, the associations were attenuated or null in participants residing in the lowest-SES neighborhoods. These findings suggest that the associations between the neighborhood SES and BMI vary, and that other factors aside from the neighborhood SES may better predict the BMI in Black and low-SES groups.

Keywords: body mass index; disparities; neighborhoods; obesity; race; social determinants; socioeconomic status.