Design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of novel donepezil-tacrine hybrids as multi-functional agents with low neurotoxicity against Alzheimer's disease

Abstract

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by progressive memory loss and deficits in cognitive domains. Low choline levels, oxidative stress, and neuroinflammation are the primary mechanisms implicated in AD progression. Simultaneous inhibition of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production by a single molecule may provide a new breath of hope for AD treatment. Here, we describe donepezil-tacrine hybrids as inhibitors of AChE and ROS. Four series of derivatives with a β-amino alcohol linker were designed and synthesized. In this study, the target compounds were evaluated for their ability to inhibit AChE and butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE) in vitro, using tacrine (hAChE, IC₅₀ = 305.78 nM; hBuChE, IC₅₀ = 56.72 nM) and donepezil (hAChE, IC₅₀ = 89.32 nM; hBuChE, IC₅₀ = 9137.16 nM) as positive controls. Compound B19 exhibited an excellent and balanced inhibitory potency against AChE (IC₅₀ = 30.68 nM) and BuChE (IC₅₀ = 124.57 nM). The cytotoxicity assays demonstrated that the PC12 cell viability rates of compound B19 (84.37 %) were close to that of tacrine (87.73 %) and donepezil (79.71 %). Potential therapeutic effects in AD were evaluated using the neuroprotective effect of compounds against H₂O₂-induced toxicity, and compound B19 (68.77 %) exhibited substantially neuroprotective activity at the concentration of 25 μM, compared with the model group (30.34 %). Furthermore, compound B19 protected PC12 cells from H₂O₂-induced apoptosis and ROS production. These properties of compound B19 suggested that it was a multi-functional agent with AChE inhibition, anti-oxidative, anti-inflammatory activities, and low toxicity and that it deserves further investigation as a promising agent for AD treatment.

Keywords: Alzheimer's disease; Cholinesterase inhibitors; Donepezil; Low-toxicity; Tacrine.