A Contemporary Study of Pre-hospital Traumatic Cardiac Arrest: Distinguishing Exsanguination From Non-exsanguination Arrest With a Review of Current Literature

Eduardo Serpa; Steve O Zimmerman; Zachary M Bauman; Narong Kulvatunyou

doi:10.7759/cureus.48181

A Contemporary Study of Pre-hospital Traumatic Cardiac Arrest: Distinguishing Exsanguination From Non-exsanguination Arrest With a Review of Current Literature

Cureus. 2023 Nov 2;15(11):e48181. doi: 10.7759/cureus.48181. eCollection 2023 Nov.

Authors

Eduardo Serpa¹, Steve O Zimmerman², Zachary M Bauman³, Narong Kulvatunyou²

Affiliations

¹ Surgery, Central Michigan University College of Medicine, Saginaw, USA.
² Acute Care Surgery, University of Arizona College of Medicine-Tucson, Tucson, USA.
³ Surgery, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, USA.

Abstract

Background Traumatic cardiac arrest (TCA) remains a challenging problem in terms of diagnosis and management. This is due to difficulty distinguishing the TCA cause and therefore understanding the pathophysiology. The goal of this study was to analyze a contemporary series of TCA patients and classify the causes of TCA into exsanguination (EX) arrest and non-exsanguination (non-EX) arrest. Methods This was a retrospective review of patients suffering TCA during 2019 at a level I trauma center. We excluded patients whose arrests were from medical causes such as ventricular fibrillation, ventricular tachycardia, pulmonary embolus, etc., hanging, drowning, thermal injury, outside transfer, and pediatric patients (age <13 as this is our institutional definition for pediatric trauma patients). We reviewed pre-hospital run-sheets, hospital charts including autopsy findings, and classified patients into EX and non-EX TCA. We defined a witnessed arrest (WA) using the traditional outside hospital cardiac (non-trauma) arrest definition. Outcomes included the incidence of EX arrest, survival to discharge, and hospital costs. Descriptive statistics were used. Significance was set at p < 0.05. Results After exclusion, 54 patients suffered TCA with a mean age of 45.9 (±19.8) years. Eighty-three percent of patients were male. The average cost per TCA was ~$16,000. Of the 54 TCAs, 26 (48%) were WA, with one (1.85%) survivor (no non-WA TCA patients survived). Twenty-two (41%) patients died from EX-arrest; 59% penetrating vs. 28% blunt (p = 0.03). The one EX-arrest survivor was a 19-year-old gunshot wound to the leg whose arrest was witnessed, with a short downtime, and the cause of arrest (bleeding leg wound) was quickly reversible. Conclusion We classified 41% of TCAs to have died from EX-arrest with only a 1.85% survival rate. This study calls for a TCA pre-hospital registry with accurate and consistent data definitions and collection. The registry should capture the cause of arrest for future research, management decision-making, and prognostication.

Keywords: exsanguination; pre-hospital; survival; traumatic cardiac arrest; trauma.