A rare cause of posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome: Acute lymphoblastic leukemia

Abstract

Key clinical message: The presentation of posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome (PRES) as the initial presenting sign of acute lymphoblastic leukemia is unusual, as PRES is more often a complication of therapy. This case highlights the importance of maintaining a broad differential diagnosis for pediatric hypertension and its complications.

Abstract: A 6-year-old male presented with a seizure-like episode. Evaluation revealed hypertension and brain imaging showed findings consistent with posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome. Complete blood count showed lymphoblasts, and the cause of his hypertension was determined to be renal infiltration of leukemia cells due to B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia.

Keywords: ALL; PRES; emergency medicine; nephrology; oncology; pediatric hypertension; pediatrics and adolescent medicine; renal leukemic infiltrate.