Enterobacteriaceae isolates from clinical and household tap water samples: antibiotic resistance, screening for extended-spectrum, metallo- and ampC-beta-lactamases, and detection of blaTEM,blaSHV and blaCTX-M in Uyo, Nigeria

Olajide J Akinjogunla; Adebowale T Odeyemi; Edinam-Abasi S Udofia; Oyetayo O Adefiranye; Clarence S Yah; Igbagbo Ehinmore; Idongesit U Etukudo

doi:10.18683/germs.2023.1366

Enterobacteriaceae isolates from clinical and household tap water samples: antibiotic resistance, screening for extended-spectrum, metallo- and ampC-beta-lactamases, and detection of bla_TEM,bla_SHV and bla_CTX-M in Uyo, Nigeria

Germs. 2023 Mar 31;13(1):50-59. doi: 10.18683/germs.2023.1366. eCollection 2023 Mar.

Authors

Olajide J Akinjogunla¹, Adebowale T Odeyemi², Edinam-Abasi S Udofia¹, Oyetayo O Adefiranye³, Clarence S Yah⁴, Igbagbo Ehinmore⁵, Idongesit U Etukudo⁶

Affiliations

¹ Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, University of Uyo, P.M.B. 1017, Uyo, Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria.
² Department of Microbiology, College of Pure and Applied Science, Landmark University, Omu-Aran, Kwara State, Nigeria.
³ Department of Microbiology, University of Lagos, Akoka, Lagos State, Nigeria.
⁴ School of Health Systems and Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, South Africa.
⁵ Department of Biological Sciences, Lagos State University of Science and Technology, Ikorodu, Lagos State, Nigeria.
⁶ Department of Microbiology, Abia State University, Uturu, Abia State, Nigeria.

Abstract

Introduction: Infections caused by multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria, extended spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL), metallo-β-lactamase (MBL) and AmpC-β-lactamase (AmpC-βL)-producers are increasing globally. This study identified bacteria in clinical and tap water samples and determined the prevalence of MDR, and β-lactamase enzymes and genes.

Methods: Isolates were identified by the Vitek 2 (bioMérieux, France) automated system. Antibiotic resistance and screening for β-lactamase enzymes and genes was done using disc diffusion method and Vitek 2 automated system, CHROMagar-ESBL, combined double disc, inhibition-based method and multiplex polymerase chain reaction, respectively.

Results: The Enterobacteriaceae isolates obtained were Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Citrobacter freundii, Salmonella spp., Proteus mirabilis, Enterobacter aerogenes, Shigella sonnei, Proteus vulgaris, Enterobacter sakazakii, Klebsiella oxytoca, Citrobacter diversus, and Serratia liquefaciens. Of the 674 isolates from clinical samples, 36.5%, 28.5%, and 19.9% were ESBL, MBL, and AmpC-βL producers, respectively. A low prevalence of AmpC-βL and MBL producers were obtained, with no significant difference (p<0.05) between the prevalence of ESBL and non-ESBL producers. Isolates exhibited varied levels of resistance to gentamicin, amoxicillin-clavulanic acid, ciprofloxacin, and tetracycline. The results showed that 54.6% of ESBL producers, 57.9% of MBL producers, and 62.8% of AmpC-βL producers were MDR strains. Of the 141 representative isolates tested, 36.9%, 15.6%, and 20.6% had only bla_TEM, bla_SHV, and bla_CTX-M, respectively; 5.7% possessed both bla_TEM and bla_SHV; 7.1% possessed both bla_TEM and bla_CTX-M and 4.3% had both bla_SHV and bla_CTX-M.

Conclusions: This study found a high prevalence of β-lactamase producers, indicating the need for further research on the molecular epidemiology of β-lactamase producers and their impacts in the region.

Keywords: Enterobacteriaceae; betalactamase; multidrug; prevalence; resistance.

GERMS.