Community-Acquired Pneumonia in the Immunocompromised Host: Epidemiology and Outcomes

Julio A Ramirez; Thomas R Chandler; Stephen P Furmanek; Ruth Carrico; Ashley M Wilde; Daniya Sheikh; Raghava Ambadapoodi; Vidyulata Salunkhe; Mohammad Tahboub; Forest W Arnold; Jose Bordon; Rodrigo Cavallazzi; Louisville CAP in the Immunocompromised Study Group

doi:10.1093/ofid/ofad565

Community-Acquired Pneumonia in the Immunocompromised Host: Epidemiology and Outcomes

Open Forum Infect Dis. 2023 Nov 22;10(11):ofad565. doi: 10.1093/ofid/ofad565. eCollection 2023 Nov.

Collaborators

Louisville CAP in the Immunocompromised Study Group:
Mohammed Khalid Abdulaziz Abbas, Ahmed Abdelhaleem, Aisha Olanike Adigun, Usman Ali Akbar, Oluwasegun Akinti, Ahmed Ali, Raghava Sekhar Ambadapoodi, Javaria Anwer, Saman Bahram, Aditya Bamboria, Laxman Bhandari, Fnu Deepti, Joanna Ekabua, Sheref Abdelgawad Hassan Elseidy, Aiman Fatima, Farwah Fatima, Shivam Gulati, Syed Hassan, Shriya Khurana, Shameera Masthan, Rehab Salah Mohamed, Vivek Soorya Sathya Moorthy, Amal Mumtaz, Aleena Naeem, Keerthi Poladi, Lucia Puga Sanchez, Adnan Qureshi, Prasanna Raut, Vidyulata Salunkhe, Harideep Samanapally, Balaji Srinivasa Sekaran, Syed Zain Shah, Daniya Sheikh, Mohammad Tahboub, Rupalakshmi Vijayan, Mounica Vorla, Sudeep Yadav, Zarlakhta Zamani

Affiliations

¹ Norton Infectious Diseases Institute, Norton Healthcare, Louisville, Kentucky, USA.
² Division of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA.
³ Washington Health Institute, Washington, DC, USA.
⁴ Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Disorders, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA.

Abstract

Background: The epidemiology and outcomes of community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) in immunocompromised hosts (ICHs) are not well defined. The objective of this study was to define the epidemiology and outcomes of CAP in ICHs as compared with non-ICHs.

Methods: This ancillary study included a prospective cohort of hospitalized adult Louisville residents with CAP from 1 June 2014 to 31 May 2016. An ICH was defined per the criteria of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Geospatial epidemiology explored associations between ICHs hospitalized with CAP and income level, race, and age. Mortality for ICHs and non-ICHs was evaluated during hospitalization and 30 days, 6 months, and 1 year after hospitalization.

Results: A total of 761 (10%) ICHs were identified among 7449 patients hospitalized with CAP. The most common immunocompromising medical conditions or treatments were advanced-stage cancer (53%), cancer chemotherapy (23%), and corticosteroid use (20%). Clusters of ICHs hospitalized with CAP were found in areas associated with low-income and Black or African American populations. Mortality by time point for ICHs vs non-ICHs was as follows: hospitalization, 9% vs 5%; 30 days, 24% vs 11%; 6 months, 44% vs 21%; and 1 year, 53% vs 27%, respectively.

Conclusions: Approximately 1 in 10 hospitalized patients with CAP is immunocompromised, with advanced-stage cancer being the most frequent immunocompromising condition, as seen in half of all patients who are immunocompromised. Risk for hospitalization may be influenced by socioeconomic disparities and/or race. ICHs have a 2-fold increase in mortality as compared with non-ICHs.