Artificial intelligence for the detection of sacroiliitis on magnetic resonance imaging in patients with axial spondyloarthritis

Abstract

Background: Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is important for the early detection of axial spondyloarthritis (axSpA). We developed an artificial intelligence (AI) model for detecting sacroiliitis in patients with axSpA using MRI.

Methods: This study included MRI examinations of patients who underwent semi-coronal MRI scans of the sacroiliac joints owing to chronic back pain with short tau inversion recovery (STIR) sequences between January 2010 and December 2021. Sacroiliitis was defined as a positive MRI finding according to the ASAS classification criteria for axSpA. We developed a two-stage framework. First, the Faster R-CNN network extracted regions of interest (ROIs) to localize the sacroiliac joints. Maximum intensity projection (MIP) of three consecutive slices was used to mimic the reading of two adjacent slices. Second, the VGG-19 network determined the presence of sacroiliitis in localized ROIs. We augmented the positive dataset six-fold. The sacroiliitis classification performance was measured using the sensitivity, specificity, and area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUROC). The prediction models were evaluated using three-round three-fold cross-validation.

Results: A total of 296 participants with 4,746 MRI slices were included in the study. Sacroiliitis was identified in 864 MRI slices of 119 participants. The mean sensitivity, specificity, and AUROC for the detection of sacroiliitis were 0.725 (95% CI, 0.705-0.745), 0.936 (95% CI, 0.924-0.947), and 0.830 (95%CI, 0.792-0.868), respectively, at the image level and 0.947 (95% CI, 0.912-0.982), 0.691 (95% CI, 0.603-0.779), and 0.816 (95% CI, 0.776-0.856), respectively, at the patient level. In the original model, without using MIP and dataset augmentation, the mean sensitivity, specificity, and AUROC were 0.517 (95% CI, 0.493-0.780), 0.944 (95% CI, 0.933-0.955), and 0.731 (95% CI, 0.681-0.780), respectively, at the image level and 0.806 (95% CI, 0.729-0.883), 0.617 (95% CI, 0.523-0.711), and 0.711 (95% CI, 0.660-0.763), respectively, at the patient level. The performance was improved by MIP techniques and data augmentation.

Conclusion: An AI model was developed for the detection of sacroiliitis using MRI, compatible with the ASAS criteria for axSpA, with the potential to aid MRI application in a wider clinical setting.

Keywords: MRI; artificial intelligence; axial spondyloarthritis; machine learning; sacroiliitis.