Anxiety, Depression, and Associated Factors among General Population in Indonesia during COVID-19 Pandemic: A Cross-Sectional Survey

Heni Dwi Windarwati; Retno Lestari; Sri Poeranto; Niken Asih Laras Ati; Mira Wahyu Kusumawati; Shofi Khaqul Ilmy; Ari Dwi Sulaksono; Erna Tsalatsatul Fitriyah; Wita Oktaviana

doi:10.34172/jcs.2023.33099

Anxiety, Depression, and Associated Factors among General Population in Indonesia during COVID-19 Pandemic: A Cross-Sectional Survey

J Caring Sci. 2023 Aug 28;12(3):144-154. doi: 10.34172/jcs.2023.33099. eCollection 2023 Sep.

Authors

Heni Dwi Windarwati¹, Retno Lestari¹, Sri Poeranto², Niken Asih Laras Ati³, Mira Wahyu Kusumawati⁴, Shofi Khaqul Ilmy⁵, Ari Dwi Sulaksono⁶, Erna Tsalatsatul Fitriyah⁷, Wita Oktaviana⁸

Affiliations

¹ Department of Mental Health Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universitas Brawijaya, Indonesia.
² Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Brawijaya, Indonesia.
³ Department of Community, Family & Geriatric Nursing, Faculty of Nursing, University of Jember, Indonesia.
⁴ Department of Mental Health Nursing, Faculty of Health Science, Universitas Kusuma Husada Surakarta, Indonesia.
⁵ School of Nursing, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Pendidikan Ganesha, Indonesia.
⁶ Department of Nursing, STIKES Widyagama Husada Malang, Indonesia.
⁷ Stikes Bahrul Ulum Jombang, Indonesia.
⁸ Universitas Muhammadiyah Surakarta, Indonesia.

Abstract

Introduction: The 2019 coronavirus pandemic (COVID-19) has affected the physical and mental health of individuals, families, and communities worldwide including Indonesia. This study aimed to examine anxiety and depression in the general population and factors related to anxiety and depression due to the COVID-19 pandemic.

Methods: This study employed an online cross-sectional survey of 1149 respondents. We assessed self-reports regarding current health conditions and exposure to COVID-19, anxiety, and depression in the general population in Indonesia.

Results: The results showed that 26.6% and 30.5% of the participants experienced mild to severe anxiety and depression, respectively. The ordinal regression test showed that anxiety in the community was significantly related to age, feeling infected with COVID-19, feeling that a friend/colleague is infected with COVID-19, sufficient information regarding COVID-19, and the types of symptoms that are felt (fever, cough, and cold/sore throat, difficulty breathing). Besides, education level, occupation, feeling that family is infected with COVID-19, symptoms experienced, and anxiety were significantly related to depression.

Conclusion: The COVID-19 pandemic has caused anxiety and depression in the general population in Indonesia. This study's results can be a catalyst in providing psychological interventions for the general public facing the COVID-19 pandemic.

Keywords: Anxiety; COVID-19; Depression; Mental health.

Grants and funding

This work was supported by Prototype Competitive Grant 2021, funded by the Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Brawijaya (Number: 3969.2/61/UN10.F08/PN/202).