1 Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA; The CAUSALab, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Center for Anesthesia Research Excellence (CARE), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
2 Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.
3 Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Center for Anesthesia Research Excellence (CARE), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy.
4 Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Center for Anesthesia Research Excellence (CARE), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
5 Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA; The CAUSALab, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.
6 Department of Anesthesiology & Perioperative Medicine, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA.
7 Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Center for Anesthesia Research Excellence (CARE), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Anesthesiology, Duesseldorf University Hospital, Duesseldorf, Germany.
8 Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA; The CAUSALab, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA. Electronic address: andrew_beam@hms.harvard.edu.