Vascular Burden Moderates the Relationship Between ADHD and Cognition in Older Adults

Abstract

Objectives: Recent evidence suggests attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a risk factor for cognitive impairment in later life. Here, we investigated cerebrovascular burden, quantified using white matter hyperintensity (WMH) volumes, as a potential mediator of this relationship.

Design: This was a cross-sectional observational study.

Setting: Participants were recruited from a cognitive neurology clinic where they had been referred for cognitive assessment, or from the community.

Participants: Thirty-nine older adults with clinical ADHD and 50 age- and gender-matched older adults without ADHD.

Measurements: A semiautomated structural MRI pipeline was used to quantify periventricular (pWMH) and deep WMH (dWMH) volumes. Cognition was measured using standardized tests of memory, processing speed, visuo-construction, language, and executive functioning. Mediation models, adjusted for sex, were built to test the hypothesis that ADHD status exerts a deleterious impact on cognitive performance via WMH burden.

Results: Results did not support a mediated effect of ADHD on cognition. Post hoc inspection of the data rather suggested a moderated effect, which was investigated as an a posteriori hypothesis. These results revealed a significant moderating effect of WMH on the relationship between ADHD memory, speed, and executive functioning, wherein ADHD was negatively associated with cognition at high and medium levels of WMH, but not when WMH volumes were low.

Conclusions: ADHD increases older adults' susceptibility to the deleterious cognitive effects of WMH in the brain. Older adults with ADHD may be at risk for cognitive impairment if they have deep WMH volumes above 61 mm³ and periventricular WMH above 260 mm³.

Keywords: ADHD; cognition; older adults; vascular burden; white matter hyperintensities.