The Cellular Accumulation of Vehicle Exhaust Particulates Changes the Acidic pH Environment of Lysosomes in BEAS-2B Airway Epithelial Cells

Akira Onodera; Takuya Shimomura; Hirohisa Ochi; Ryuto Sunada; Eiko Fukutomi; Koushi Hidaka; Yuichi Kawai

doi:10.3390/jox13040042

The Cellular Accumulation of Vehicle Exhaust Particulates Changes the Acidic pH Environment of Lysosomes in BEAS-2B Airway Epithelial Cells

J Xenobiot. 2023 Nov 1;13(4):653-661. doi: 10.3390/jox13040042.

Authors

Akira Onodera¹, Takuya Shimomura¹, Hirohisa Ochi¹, Ryuto Sunada¹, Eiko Fukutomi¹, Koushi Hidaka², Yuichi Kawai¹

Affiliations

¹ Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kobe Gakuin University, 1-1-3 Minatojima, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-8586, Japan.
² Research Facility Center for Science and Technology, Kobe University, 1-1, Rokkodai-cho, Nada-ku, Kobe 657-8501, Japan.

Abstract

Many people are exposed every day to vehicle exhaust particulates (VEPs), which are thought to be taken up by epithelial cells that are the first barrier in our biological defense. The study aim was to investigate how VEPs are processed in the lysosomal degradation system. BEAS-2B airway epithelial cells easily ingest VEPs and have been shown to accumulate in cells for several days, but no elevated cytotoxicity was observed over that time period. An analysis of 3D images confirmed the presence of VEPs in or near lysosomes, and an accumulation of VEPs resulted in an increase in the normal acidic pH in lysosomes and the extracellular release of the lysosomal enzyme β-hexosaminidase. Epithelial cells were thought to activate the lysosome-mediated secretion of extracellular vesicles to avoid damage caused by non-degradable foreign substances, such as VEPs, and as a side reaction, the acidic pH environment of the lysosomes could not be maintained.

Keywords: PM2.5; extracellular vesicles; lysosome; vehicle exhaust particulates.

Grants and funding

This research was funded by JSPS KAKENHI, grant number JP 20K06848. Additional support was provided by the Research Foundation for Pharmaceutical Sciences, the Japan Food Chemical Research Foundation and the Kobe Gakuin Health Science Grant.