Therapeutic potential of ginsenoside compound K in managing tenocyte apoptosis and extracellular matrix damage in diabetic tendinopathy

Abstract

The prevalence of tendinopathy in patients with diabetes is well documented. Despite efforts to improve diabetes management, there is a lack of research on therapeutic agents targeting the core features of tendinopathy, namely, tenocyte apoptosis and extracellular matrix (ECM) damage. In this study, we investigated the potential of ginsenoside compound K (CK), known for its antidiabetic properties, to mitigate tenocyte apoptosis, inflammation, oxidative stress, and the metalloproteinase (MMP) system under hyperglycemic conditions. Our research also aimed to unravel the molecular mechanism underlying the effects of CK. The assessment of apoptosis involved observing intracellular chromatin condensation and measuring caspase 3 activity. To gauge oxidative stress, we examined cellular ROS levels and hydrogen peroxide and malondialdehyde concentrations. Western blotting was employed to determine the expression of various proteins. Our findings indicate that CK treatment effectively countered high glucose-induced apoptosis, inflammation, and oxidative stress in cultured tenocytes. Furthermore, CK normalized the expression of MMP-9, MMP-13, and TIMP-1. Notably, CK treatment boosted the expression of PPARγ and antioxidant enzymes. We conducted small interfering (si) RNA experiments targeting PPARγ, revealing its role in mediating CK's effects on tendinopathy features in hyperglycemic tenocytes. In conclusion, these in vitro results offer valuable insights into the potential therapeutic role of CK in managing tendinopathy among individuals with diabetes. By addressing crucial aspects of tendinopathy, CK presents itself as a promising avenue for future research and treatment development in this domain.

Keywords: Apoptosis; Compound K; Ginsenoside; PPARγ; Tendinopathy; Tenocyte.