Understanding the effects of inhaler resistance on particle deposition behaviour - A computational modelling study

Xinyu Cai; Jingliang Dong; Liam Milton-McGurk; Ann Lee; Zhiwei Shen; Hak-Kim Chan; Agisilaos Kourmatzis; Shaokoon Cheng

doi:10.1016/j.compbiomed.2023.107673

Understanding the effects of inhaler resistance on particle deposition behaviour - A computational modelling study

Comput Biol Med. 2023 Dec:167:107673. doi: 10.1016/j.compbiomed.2023.107673. Epub 2023 Nov 10.

Authors

Xinyu Cai¹, Jingliang Dong², Liam Milton-McGurk³, Ann Lee¹, Zhiwei Shen¹, Hak-Kim Chan⁴, Agisilaos Kourmatzis³, Shaokoon Cheng¹

Affiliations

¹ School of Engineering, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Macquarie University, Australia.
² Institute for Sustainable Industries & Liveable Cities, Victoria University, PO Box 14428, Melbourne, VIC, 8001, Australia; First Year College, Victoria University, Footscray Park Campus, Footscray, VIC, 3011, Australia. Electronic address: jingliang.dong@vu.edu.au.
³ School of Aerospace, Mechanical and Mechatronic Engineering, The University of Sydney, Australia.
⁴ Advanced Drug Delivery Group, Sydney Pharmacy School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.

PMID: 37956626
DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiomed.2023.107673

Abstract

Background and objective: Understanding the impact of inhaler resistance on particle transport and deposition in the human upper airway is essential for optimizing inhaler designs, thereby contributing to the enhancement of the therapeutic efficacy of inhaled drug delivery. This study demonstrates the potential effects of inhaler resistance on particle deposition characteristics in an anatomically realistic human oropharynx and the United States Pharmacopeia (USP) throat using computational fluid dynamics (CFD).

Method: Magnetic resonance (MR) imaging was performed on a healthy volunteer biting on a small mockup inhaler mouthpiece. Three-dimensional geometry of the oropharynx and mouthpiece were reconstructed from the MR images. CFD simulations coupled with discrete phase modelling were conducted. Inhaled polydisperse particles under two different transient flow profiles with peak inspiratory flow rates (PIFR) of 30 L/min and 60 L/min were investigated. The effect of inhaler mouthpiece resistance was modelled as a porous medium by varying the initial resistance (Ri) and viscous resistance (Rv). Three resistance values, 0.02 kPa^0.5minL^-1, 0.035 kPa^0.5minL^-1 and 0.05 kPa^0.5 minL^-1, were simulated. The inhaler outlet velocity was set to be consistent across all models for both flow rate conditions to enable a meaningful comparison of models with different inhaler resistances.

Result: The results from this study demonstrate that investigating the effect of inhaler resistance by solely relying on the USP throat model may yield misleading results. For the geometrically realistic oropharyngeal model, both the pressure and kinetic energy profiles at the mid-sagittal plane of the airway change dramatically when connected to a higher-resistance inhaler. In addition, the geometrically realistic oropharyngeal model appears to have a resistance threshold. When this threshold is surpassed, significant changes in flow dynamics become evident, which is not observed in the USP throat model. Furthermore, this study also reveals that the impact of inhaler resistance in a geometrically realistic throat model extends beyond the oral cavity and affects particle deposition downstream of the oral cavity, including the oropharynx region.

Conclusion: Results from this study suggest that key mechanisms underpinning the working principles of inhaler resistance are intricately connected to their complex interaction with the pharynx geometry, which affects the local pressure, local variation in velocity and kinetic energy profile in the airway.

Keywords: Computational fluid dynamics; Dry powder inhalers; Inhaler resistance; Particle deposition.

Publication types

Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

MeSH terms

Administration, Inhalation
Aerosols
Computer Simulation
Dry Powder Inhalers*
Equipment Design
Humans
Hydrodynamics
Particle Size
Pharynx*

Substances

Aerosols