Purpose: Liver biopsy was considered the gold standard for diagnosing liver fibrosis; however, with advancements in medical technology and increasing awareness of potential complications, the reliance on liver biopsy has diminished. Ultrasound is gaining popularity due to its wider availability and cost-effectiveness. This study examined the machine learning / deep learning (ML/DL) models for non-invasive liver fibrosis classification from ultrasound.
Methods: Following the preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses (PRISMA) protocol, we searched five academic databases using the query. We defined population, intervention, comparison, outcomes, and study design (PICOS) framework for the inclusion. Furthermore, Joana Briggs Institute (JBI) checklist for analytical cross-sectional studies is used for quality assessment.
Results: Among the 188 screened studies, 17 studies are selected. The methods are categorized as off-the-shelf (OTS), attention, generative, and ensemble classifiers. Most studies used OTS classifiers that combined pre-trained ML/DL methods with radiomics features to determine fibrosis staging. Although machine learning shows potential for fibrosis classification, there are limited external comparisons of interventions and prospective clinical trials, which limits their applicability.
Conclusion: With the recent success of ML/DL toward biomedical image analysis, automated solutions using ultrasound are developed for predicting liver diseases. However, their applicability is bounded by the limited and imbalanced retrospective studies having high heterogeneity. This challenge could be addressed by generating a standard protocol for study design by selecting appropriate population, interventions, outcomes, and comparison.
Keywords: Deep learning; Liver fibrosis; Machine learning; Ultrasound.
© 2023. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature.