Sonochemistry dosimetries in seawater

Rabiaa Khaffache; Aissa Dehane; Slimane Merouani; Oualid Hamdaoui; Hamza Ferkous; Maher M Alrashed; Intissar Gasmi; Atef Chibani

doi:10.1016/j.ultsonch.2023.106647

Sonochemistry dosimetries in seawater

Ultrason Sonochem. 2023 Dec:101:106647. doi: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2023.106647. Epub 2023 Oct 21.

Authors

Rabiaa Khaffache¹, Aissa Dehane², Slimane Merouani³, Oualid Hamdaoui⁴, Hamza Ferkous¹, Maher M Alrashed⁴, Intissar Gasmi⁵, Atef Chibani⁶

Affiliations

¹ Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Department of Process Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Badji Mokhtar - Annaba University, P.O. Box 12, 23000 Annaba, Algeria.
² Laboratory of Environmental Process Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Process Engineering, University Constantine 3 Salah Boubnider, P.O. Box 72, 25000 Constantine, Algeria. Electronic address: aissaleon15@gmail.com.
³ Laboratory of Environmental Process Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Process Engineering, University Constantine 3 Salah Boubnider, P.O. Box 72, 25000 Constantine, Algeria.
⁴ Chemical Engineering Department, College of Engineering, King Saud University, P.O. Box 800, 11421 Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
⁵ Laboratoire Ampère, Ecole Centrale de Lyon, 36 Avenue Guy de Collongue, 69134 Ecully, France.
⁶ Research Center in Industrial Technologies CRTI, P.O.Box 64, Cheraga 16014, Algiers, Algeria.

Abstract

Due to the complex physical and chemical interactions taking place in the sonicated medium, various methods have been proposed in the literature for a better understanding of the sonochemical system. In the present paper, the performance of calorimetry, iodometry, Fricke, 4-nitrophenol, H₂O₂, and ascorbic acid dosimetry techniques have been evaluated over the electric power range from 20 to 80 W (f = 300 kHz). These methods have been analyzed for distilled and seawater in light of the literature findings. It has been found that the lowest temperatures and calorimetric energies were obtained for seawater in comparison to distilled water. However, the discrepancy between both mediums disappears with the increase in the electric power up to 80 W. Compared to the calorimetry results, a similar trend was obtained for the KI dosimetry, where the discrepancy between both solutions (seawater and distilled water) increased with the reduction in the electric power down to 20 W. In contrast, over the whole range of the electric power (20-80 W), the H₂O₂ dosimetry was drastically influenced by the salt composition of seawater, where, I₃^- formation was clearly reduced in comparison to the case of the distilled water. On the other hand, a fluctuated behavior was observed for the Fricke and 4-nitrophenol dosimetry methods, especially at the low electric powers (20 and 40 W). It has been found that dosimetry techniques based on ascorbic acid or potassium iodide are the best means for accurate quantification of the sonochemical activity in the irradiated liquid. As a result, it has been concluded, in terms of the dosimetry process's performance, that the dosimetry methods are in the following order: Ascorbic acid ≈ KI > Fricke > 4-nitrophenol > H₂O₂.

Keywords: 4-Nitrophenol; Ascorbic acid; Dosimetry; Fricke; H(2)O(2); Iodometry.