Enamel remineralization potential of bioactive glass air abrasion studied via elemental and surface morphology analysis

Karthikeyan Subramani; Camy Kwok; Jennifer Alexia Napoles; Minghua Ren; Amandee Hua; Clemens Heske

doi:10.4317/jced.60980

Enamel remineralization potential of bioactive glass air abrasion studied via elemental and surface morphology analysis

J Clin Exp Dent. 2023 Oct 1;15(10):e835-e841. doi: 10.4317/jced.60980. eCollection 2023 Oct.

Authors

Karthikeyan Subramani¹, Camy Kwok¹, Jennifer Alexia Napoles², Minghua Ren³, Amandee Hua², Clemens Heske^{2

4

5}

Affiliations

¹ College of Dental Medicine, Roseman University of Health Sciences, Henderson, Nevada, U.S.A.
² Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Nevada Las Vegas (UNLV), Las Vegas, Nevada, U.S.A.
³ EMIL, Department of Geoscience, University of Nevada Las Vegas (UNLV), Las Vegas, Nevada, U.S.A.
⁴ Institute for Photon Science and Synchrotron Radiation (IPS), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany.
⁵ Institute for Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry (ITCP), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, Germany.

Abstract

Background: This study evaluates the remineralization potential of enamel after bioactive glass (BAG) air abrasion, using Scanning Electron Microscopy with Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy Analysis (SEM-EDS), Electron Probe Microanalysis (EPMA), and Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM).

Material and methods: Forty extracted human third molars were divided into four groups with ten samples each. Three groups were subjected to a demineralizing solution of 2.2 mM calcium chloride, 2.2 mM monopotassium phosphate, and 0.05 mM acetic acid, adjusted to a pH of 4.4 using 1 M potassium hydroxide at an intraoral temperature of 37°C for 96 hours. Of the three groups, two were subjected to air abrasion with BAG. One of the air abrasion groups was then further remineralized in 1.5 mM calcium chloride, 0.9 mM sodium phosphate, and 0.15 M potassium chloride, adjusted to a pH of 7.0 at 37°C. The teeth were then evaluated via SEM-EDS and EPMA to measure the calcium-to-phosphorous (Ca:P) ratios, and the surface morphology was investigated using AFM.

Results: A measurable decrease in the Ca:P ratio was found after demineralization, which subsequently increased after remineralization. A thin layer of demineralized enamel was removed by the BAG air abrasion. AFM image analysis showed the presence of pits on the surface, which decreased in depth after demineralization, and further after BAG abrasion. Remineralized samples, in contrast, showed a slight increase in pit depth. While the observation of remineralization was statistically significant throughout our study, we could not find any evidence for BAG retention on the surface of the enamel.

Conclusions: It is demonstrated that BAG, when delivered via air abrasion, indeed contributes to remineralization of the enamel; however, it does not seem to be a direct result of the presence of retained glass beads on the enamel surface. Given the increase of the Ca:P ratio after remineralization, a possible therapeutic benefit was observed, potentially reducing the probability of fractures in weakened enamel. Key words:Enamel, Demineralization, Remineralization, White Spot Lesions, Bioactive Glass, Air Abrasion, Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy, Electron Probe Microanalysis, Atomic Force Microscopy, Ca:P ratio, surface morphology.