On the specificity of figurative language comprehension impairment in schizophrenia and its relation to cognitive skills but not psychopathological symptoms - Study on metaphor, humor and irony

Przemysław Adamczyk; Joanna Biczak; Katarzyna Kotlarska; Artur Daren; Łukasz Cichocki

doi:10.1016/j.scog.2023.100294

On the specificity of figurative language comprehension impairment in schizophrenia and its relation to cognitive skills but not psychopathological symptoms - Study on metaphor, humor and irony

Schizophr Res Cogn. 2023 Oct 25:35:100294. doi: 10.1016/j.scog.2023.100294. eCollection 2024 Mar.

Authors

Przemysław Adamczyk¹, Joanna Biczak², Katarzyna Kotlarska³, Artur Daren⁴, Łukasz Cichocki^{2

5}

Affiliations

¹ Institute of Psychology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland.
² Babinski Clinical Hospital, Krakow, Poland.
³ Institute of Psychology, Pedagogical University, Krakow, Poland.
⁴ Faculty of Psychology, Pedagogy, and Humanities, Andrzej Frycz Modrzewski Krakow University, Krakow, Poland.
⁵ Clinic of Psychiatry, Andrzej Frycz Modrzewski Krakow University, Krakow, Poland.

Abstract

People with schizophrenia have difficulty understanding figurative expressions, such as metaphors, humor or irony. The present study investigated the specificity of figurative language impairment in schizophrenia and its relation with cognitive and psychotic symptoms. It included 54 schizophrenia and 54 age and sex-matched healthy subjects who performed a cognitive screening (ACE-III) and figurative language comprehension task consisting of 60 short stories with three types of endings: a figurative one and its literal and an absurd (meaningless) counterparts. Each figurative domain - metaphor, humor, irony - was split into two sub-domains, i.e., conventional and novel metaphors, intended-to-be-funny and social-norm-violation jokes, simple irony and critical sarcasm, respectively. The main findings are: i) in schizophrenia, figurative language deficit manifests itself in each domain; ii) the most pronounced subdomain-specific impairment has been found for novel vs conventional metaphors and irony vs sarcasm; iii) altered figurative language comprehension was related to diminished cognitive abilities but not to psychopathology symptoms (PANSS) or other clinical characteristics. This may suggest that figurative language impairment, as a specific part of communication deficit, may be regarded as an essential characteristic of schizophrenia, related to primary cognitive deficits but independent of psychopathology.

Keywords: Cognition; Figurative language; Humor; Irony; Metaphor; Sarcasm; Schizophrenia.