Prevalence and Determinants of Long COVID Among Patients Attending the Outpatient Department of a Subdistrict Hospital in Haryana

Harshal R Salve; Roy A Daniel; Alok Kumar; Rakesh Kumar; Puneet Misra

doi:10.7759/cureus.46007

Prevalence and Determinants of Long COVID Among Patients Attending the Outpatient Department of a Subdistrict Hospital in Haryana

Cureus. 2023 Sep 26;15(9):e46007. doi: 10.7759/cureus.46007. eCollection 2023 Sep.

Authors

Harshal R Salve¹, Roy A Daniel¹, Alok Kumar¹, Rakesh Kumar¹, Puneet Misra¹

Affiliation

¹ Centre for Community Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, IND.

Abstract

Introduction: Growing evidence indicates that individuals recovering from COVID-19 may experience prolonged health consequences, resulting in notable morbidity even after the acute phase. Limited published literature exists concerning sequelae of COVID-19 among the Indian population. Therefore, we conducted this study at a subdistrict hospital (secondary level) in Haryana, aiming to estimate the prevalence of long COVID and its determinants.

Methods: This hospital-based study focused on outpatients who had a confirmed history of COVID-19, with a minimum of 28 days elapsed since the positive COVID-19 diagnostic test date. We administered a semi-structured questionnaire to gather sociodemographic information, a standardized symptom assessment checklist to identify long COVID symptoms, and the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) to evaluate and grade depression severity. Additionally, we conducted pulmonary function tests, chest X-rays, complete blood counts, and kidney and liver function tests to assess the determinants of long COVID. STATA version 14 software (StataCorp. 2015. Stata Statistical Software: Release 14. College Station, TX: StataCorp LP) was used for data analysis, and the bivariate and multivariate analyses (p-value <0.2 in bivariate analysis) were conducted to determine factors associated with long COVID.

Results: A total of 212 participants (male 53%) were recruited in this study. Among the long COVID symptoms, fatigue, body pain, cough, joint pain, and breathlessness were the most frequently reported symptoms among the study participants. The prevalence of long COVID was found to be 37.3% (95%CI: 30.7-43.8%). In the multivariate model, depression (PHQ-9 scores) AOR-1.21 (95%CI:1.07-1.35) and severity of COVID-19 adjusted odds ratio (AOR)-2.22 (95%CI:1.05-4.69) came out to be statistically significant with long COVID.

Conclusion: Findings show alarming rates of long COVID symptoms persisting in nearly 37% of COVID-19-recovered individuals. Establishing tailored guidelines is crucial to mitigate burdens and complications and enhance the quality of life for those affected.

Keywords: complications’; covid-19; india; long-covid-19; post covid sequalae; post-covid-19.