Frailty syndrome and associated factors among patients with hypertension: A cross-sectional study in Kumasi, Ghana

Samuel A Sakyi; Phyllis Tawiah; Ebenezer Senu; Ransford O Ampofo; Anthony K Enimil; Benjamin Amoani; Enoch O Anto; Stephen Opoku; Alfred Effah; Elizabeth Abban; Joseph Frimpong; Emmaunel Frimpong; Lydia Oppong Bannor; Afia A Kwayie; Emmanuel Naturinda; Eugene A Ansah; Bright T Baidoo; Kini E Kodzo; Nana K Ayisi-Boateng

doi:10.1002/hsr2.1664

Frailty syndrome and associated factors among patients with hypertension: A cross-sectional study in Kumasi, Ghana

Health Sci Rep. 2023 Oct 25;6(10):e1664. doi: 10.1002/hsr2.1664. eCollection 2023 Oct.

Authors

Samuel A Sakyi¹, Phyllis Tawiah², Ebenezer Senu¹, Ransford O Ampofo³, Anthony K Enimil⁴, Benjamin Amoani⁵, Enoch O Anto³, Stephen Opoku¹, Alfred Effah^{1

3}, Elizabeth Abban^{3

6}, Joseph Frimpong³, Emmaunel Frimpong³, Lydia Oppong Bannor³, Afia A Kwayie³, Emmanuel Naturinda³, Eugene A Ansah³, Bright T Baidoo³, Kini E Kodzo³, Nana K Ayisi-Boateng²

Affiliations

¹ Department of Molecular Medicine Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology Kumasi Ghana.
² Department of Medicine, School of Medicine and Dentistry Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology Kumasi Ghana.
³ Department of Medical Diagnostics, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology Kumasi Ghana.
⁴ Pediatric Infectious Disease Unit, Child Health Directorate Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital Kumasi Ghana.
⁵ Department of Biomedical Science University of Cape Coast Cape Coast Ghana.
⁶ Department of Medical Laboratory Technology Garden City University College Kumasi Ghana.

Abstract

Background and aim: Frailty is a condition marked by accumulation of biological deficits and dysfunctions that come with aging and it is correlated with high morbidity and mortality in patients with cardiovascular diseases, particularly hypertension. Hypertension continues to be a leading cause of cardiovascular diseases and premature death globally. However, there is dearth of literature in sub-Saharan Africa on frailty syndrome among hypertensives on medication. This study evaluated frailty syndrome and its associated factors among Ghanaian hypertensives.

Methods: This cross-sectional study recruited 303 patients with hypertension from the University Hospital, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology (KNUST), Kumasi, Ghana. Data on sociodemographic, lifestyle and clinical factors were collected using a well-structured questionnaire. Medication adherence was measured using Adherence in Chronic Disease Scale, and frailty was assessed by Tilburg Frailty Indicator. Statistical analyses were performed using SPSS Version 26.0 and GraphPad prism 8.0. p-value of < 0.05 and 95% confidence interval (CI) were considered statistically significant.

Results: The prevalence of frailty was 59.7%. The proportion of high, medium and low medication adherence was 23.4%, 64.4% and 12.2%, respectively. Being ≥ 70years (adjusted odds ratio [aOR]: 8.33, 95% CI [3.72-18.67], p < 0.0001), unmarried (aOR: 2.59, 95% CI [1.37-4.89], p = 0.0030), having confirmed hypertension complications (aOR: 3.21, 95% CI [1.36-7.53], p = 0.0080), medium (aOR: 1.99, 95% CI [1.05-3.82], p = 0.0360) and low antihypertensive drug adherence (aOR: 27.69, 95% CI [7.05-108.69], p < 0.0001) were independent predictors of increased odds of developing frailty syndrome.

Conclusion: Approximately 6 out of 10 Ghanaian adult patients with hypertension experience frailty syndrome. Hypertension complications, older age, being unmarried, and low antihypertensive drug adherence increased the chances of developing frailty syndrome. These should be considered in intervention programmes to prevent frailty among patients with hypertension.

Keywords: antihypertensives; frailty syndrome; high blood pressure; hypertension; medication adherence.