Exploring Deviation from Time Perspective in Patients with Major Depressive Disorder, Obsessive Compulsive Disorder, and Generalized Anxiety Disorder: A Comparative Analysis in the Clinical Context

Hamed Rezaei Golezani; Abbas Bakhshipour; Mahmonir Haghighi; Issa Hekmati; Hamed Abdollahpour Ranjbar

doi:10.18502/ijps.v18i4.13625

Exploring Deviation from Time Perspective in Patients with Major Depressive Disorder, Obsessive Compulsive Disorder, and Generalized Anxiety Disorder: A Comparative Analysis in the Clinical Context

Iran J Psychiatry. 2023 Oct;18(4):380-387. doi: 10.18502/ijps.v18i4.13625.

Authors

Hamed Rezaei Golezani¹, Abbas Bakhshipour², Mahmonir Haghighi³, Issa Hekmati⁴, Hamed Abdollahpour Ranjbar⁵

Affiliations

¹ Department of Psychology, Azad University of Urmia, Urmia, Iran.
² Department of Psychology, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran.
³ Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran.
⁴ Department of Psychology, Faculty of Human Science, University of Maragheh, Maragheh, East Azerbaijan, Iran.
⁵ Department of Psychology, College of Social Sciences and Humanities, Koç University, Istanbul, Turkey.

Abstract

Objective: A growing body of research stresses the effect of time perspective (TP) on the genesis and maintenance of psychological disorders. However, the variations in the TP configuration of individuals with different disorders have not yet been completely investigated. We aimed to compare the differences in TP among patients with three common psychiatric disorders. Method : We recruited 30 patients with major depressive disorder (MDD), 30 with generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), and 30 with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). Participants completed Zimbardo's Time Perspective Inventory, Beck Depression Inventory, Generalized Anxiety Disorder Scale, Maudsley Obsessive Compulsive Inventory, and Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-5 (SCID-5). The one-way MANOVA was utilized for the comparison of TP dimensions among the three disordered groups. Results: The results showed that TP was significantly affected in all three clinical groups. The effect of the disorder on time perspective was significant for Past Negative (PN) (F (2, 84) = 11.86, P < 0.01), Past Positive (PP) (F (2, 84) = 6.66, P < 0.01), Present Fatalistic (PF) (F (2, 84) = 7.08, P < 0.01) and Future (F) (F (2, 84) = 26.40, P < 0.01), but not for Present Hedonistic (PH). The findings revealed that the MDD group scored the highest on PN, with the GAD group scoring higher than the OCD group. The GAD and OCD groups reported higher PP than the MDD group. In addition, the MDD group scored higher than both the GAD and OCD groups on PF. Finally, the GAD patients reported higher scores than both the MDD and OCD patients on the F dimension, while the OCD patients scored higher than the MDD patients. Conclusion: Individuals with MDD tend to obtain higher scores in PN and PF time perspective, whereas those with GAD and OCD showed higher PP and F scores. These findings demonstrate the significance of examining TP in clinical patients and prompt further research into the association between TP and the disorders being studied. Perspectives on therapy are also explored.

Keywords: Depression; Generalized Anxiety; Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder; Time Perception.