Rapid and sensitive electrochemical detection of oxidized form of glutathione in whole blood samples using Bi-metallic nanocomposites

Shalini Nagabooshanam; Akash Kumar; Sharmiladevi Ramamoorthy; Nishakavya Saravanan; Anandhakumar Sundaramurthy

doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.140517

Rapid and sensitive electrochemical detection of oxidized form of glutathione in whole blood samples using Bi-metallic nanocomposites

Chemosphere. 2024 Jan:346:140517. doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.140517. Epub 2023 Oct 23.

Authors

Shalini Nagabooshanam¹, Akash Kumar², Sharmiladevi Ramamoorthy², Nishakavya Saravanan², Anandhakumar Sundaramurthy³

Affiliations

¹ Biomaterials Research Laboratory (BMRL), Department of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering and Technology, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, 603203, Chengalpattu, Tamil Nadu, India; Department of Mechanical Engineering, Toyohashi University of Technology, 1-1 Hibarigaoka, Tenpaku-cho, Toyohashi, Aichi, 441-8580, Japan.
² Department of Physics and Nanotechnology, College of Engineering and Technology, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, 603203, Chengalpattu, Tamil Nadu, India.
³ Biomaterials Research Laboratory (BMRL), Department of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering and Technology, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, 603203, Chengalpattu, Tamil Nadu, India. Electronic address: anandhas@srmist.edu.in.

PMID: 37879374
DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.140517

Abstract

We report a facile one-pot synthesis of bimetallic nickel-gold (Ni-Au) nanocomposite for ultra-sensitive and selective electrochemical detection of oxidized glutathione (GSSG) by electrochemical deposition on fluorine doped tin oxide (FTO) substrate. The electrodeposition of Ni-Au nanocomposite on FTO was confirmed by various characterization techniques such as field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), X-ray diffractometer (XRD) and Fourier transform infra-red (FTIR) spectroscopy. The cyclic voltammetry (CV) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) was utilized for the electrochemical characterization of glutathione reductase (GR)/Ni-Au/FTO working electrode at each stage of modification. The GR enzyme immobilized on the Ni-Au/FTO working electrode via glutaraldehyde cross-linking exhibited excellent selectivity against GSSG in the presence of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH). The immobilized GR enzyme breaks down the GSSG to reduced glutathione (GSH) and converting NADPH to NADP⁺ whereby generating an electron for the electrochemical sensing of GSSG. The synergistic behavior of bimetals and good electro-catalytic property of the fabricated sensor provided a broad linear detection range from 1 fM to 1 μM with a limit of detection (LOD) of 6.8 fM, limit of quantification (LOQ) of 20.41 fM and sensitivity of 0.024 mA/μM/cm². The interference with other molecules such as dopamine, glycine, ascorbic acid, uric acid and glucose was found to be negligible due to the better selectivity of GR enzyme towards GSSG. The shelf-life and response time of the fabricated electrode was found to be 30 days and 32 s, respectively. The real sample analysis of GSSG in whole blood samples showed average recovery percentage from 95 to 101% which matched well with the standard calibration plot of the fabricated sensor with relative standard deviation (RSD) below 10%.

Keywords: Bimetallic nanocomposites; Electrodeposition; Enzyme; Glutaraldehyde cross-linking; Glutathione.

MeSH terms

Electrochemical Techniques / methods
Electrodes
Enzymes, Immobilized
Glutathione
Glutathione Disulfide
Graphite* / chemistry
Limit of Detection
NADP
Nanocomposites* / chemistry

Substances

Glutathione Disulfide
NADP
Glutathione
Enzymes, Immobilized
Graphite