Copper oxide particle emission and the spread in a public washroom from a high-speed jet air dryer

Zilong Gao; Yuguo Li; Lin Duanmu; Tengfei Tim Zhang

doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.132808

Copper oxide particle emission and the spread in a public washroom from a high-speed jet air dryer

J Hazard Mater. 2024 Jan 15:462:132808. doi: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.132808. Epub 2023 Oct 20.

Authors

Zilong Gao¹, Yuguo Li², Lin Duanmu¹, Tengfei Tim Zhang³

Affiliations

¹ School of Civil Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China.
² Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China.
³ School of Civil Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China. Electronic address: tzhang@dlut.edu.cn.

PMID: 37879282
DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.132808

Abstract

The high-speed jet discharged by hand dryers with brushed motors may release hazardous particles. In this study, the particles released from the hand dryer were trapped using high-efficiency particulate air filters for chemical composition analysis in a small test room. A manikin was placed to mimic a user standing in front of the dryer. Number and mass concentrations of the released particles were measured to estimate the particle emission rates and inhalation exposure. The particle emission rate reached 2.64 × 10⁶ particles/s when starting the dryer. The released particles were found to contain a copper element, subsequently extrapolated to copper oxide. Secondly, in the large test room, jet airflows were measured using a three-dimensional ultrasonic anemometer. The results revealed that the horizontally placed palms caused the discharged jets to bend toward the human body, resulting in an upward motion of the air into the breathing zone. After running the dryer for 30 s, the peak mass concentration in the breathing zone for particles with a less than 2.5-μm diameter was 13.1 µg/m³. Installing high-efficiency particulate air filters to the air outlets of hand dryers was found to be effective in minimizing the exposure to CuO.

Keywords: Air jet hand dryer; Airborne particles; High-efficiency particulate air filters; Inhalation exposure; Particle emission rate.