Effect of Individual Virtual Reality Cognitive Training Programs on Cognitive Function and Depression in Middle-Aged Women: Randomized Controlled Trial

Du-Ri Kim; EunSoo Moon; Myung-Jun Shin; Yeong-Ae Yang; Jong-Hwan Park

doi:10.2196/48912

Effect of Individual Virtual Reality Cognitive Training Programs on Cognitive Function and Depression in Middle-Aged Women: Randomized Controlled Trial

JMIR Ment Health. 2023 Oct 25:10:e48912. doi: 10.2196/48912.

Authors

Du-Ri Kim^{1

2}, EunSoo Moon^{1

3

4}, Myung-Jun Shin^{1

5

6}, Yeong-Ae Yang^#^{7

8}, Jong-Hwan Park^#¹

Affiliations

¹ Health Convergence Medicine Laboratory, Biomedical Research Institute, Pusan National University Hospital, Busan, Republic of Korea.
² Department of Rehabilitation Science, Graduate School, Inje University, Gimhae, Republic of Korea.
³ Department of Psychiatry, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Yangsan, Republic of Korea.
⁴ Department of Psychiatry, Pusan National University Hospital, Busan, Republic of Korea.
⁵ Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Yangsan, Republic of Korea.
⁶ Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Pusan National University Hospital, Busan, Republic of Korea.
⁷ Department of Occupational Therapy, College of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Inje University, Gimhae, Republic of Korea.
⁸ Institute of Aged Life Redesign, Inje University, Gimhae, Republic of Korea.

^# Contributed equally.

PMID: 37878378
PMCID: PMC10632914
DOI: 10.2196/48912

Abstract

Background: Given the increasing incidence of early-onset Alzheimer disease, strategies for early diagnosis and swift treatment interventions are crucial for mitigating cognitive problems in women and middle-aged individuals who face a high risk of cognitive impairment.

Objective: This study aimed to assess the effectiveness of individual cognitive training programs based on virtual reality (VR), a nonpharmacological intervention, on cognitive function and depression in middle-aged women at risk of cognitive impairment. It used VR technology, which has recently been recognized as a promising tool.

Methods: We administered a VR-based cognitive training program for 30 minutes daily, twice a week, for 12 weeks (24 sessions). This study included middle-aged women residing in older adults' welfare facilities in G-gu, Busan, from May to August 2021. A total of 60 participants were randomly divided into the training (n=30) and control (n=30) groups. Cognitive and depressive functions were assessed using the Korean versions of the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (K-MoCA), Digit Span Test (DST), Korean-Color Word Stroop Test (K-CWST), and Short Form of the Geriatric Depression Scale (SGDS-K) before the intervention. The training group underwent a VR-based cognitive training program, whereas the control group was educated to maintain regular daily activities. The same assessments were performed 12 weeks after treatment.

Results: A comparison of the mean scores before and after K-MoCA in the training group revealed a significant increase from 24.87 (SD 2.62) to 27.50 (SD 1.70; P<.01), indicating substantial cognitive improvement. Similarly, the mean DST forward scores increased significantly from 6.97 (SD 1.10) to 7.90 (SD 1.18; P<.01), suggesting enhanced short-term auditory memory and attention. The mean DST backward scores also showed a significant improvement from 4.10 (SD 0.71) to 4.77 (SD 1.2; P=.01). Notably, the mean SGDS-K scores decreased significantly from 3.97 (SD 2.51) to 2.13 (SD 1.87; P<.01), indicating a reduction in depression within the training group.

Conclusions: The VR-based cognitive training programs significantly enhanced cognitive function and reduced depression in middle-aged women. Consequently, these programs are considered beneficial nonpharmacological cognitive training interventions for middle-aged women at high risk of cognitive impairment.

Trial registration: UMIN Clinical Trials Registry UMIN000049752; https://tinyurl.com/z5du989z.

Keywords: cognitive function; depression; middle aged; virtual reality; women.

©Du-Ri Kim, EunSoo Moon, Myung-Jun Shin, Yeong-Ae Yang, Jong-Hwan Park. Originally published in JMIR Mental Health (https://mental.jmir.org), 25.10.2023.