Spatial variability of urban forest topsoil properties: towards representative and robust sampling design

Nadina Galle; William Brinton; Robin Vos; Fábio Duarte; Marcus Collier; Carlo Ratti; Francesco Pilla

doi:10.12688/openreseurope.13502.2

Spatial variability of urban forest topsoil properties: towards representative and robust sampling design

Open Res Eur. 2023 Oct 18:1:45. doi: 10.12688/openreseurope.13502.2. eCollection 2021.

Authors

Nadina Galle^{1

2}, William Brinton³, Robin Vos⁴, Fábio Duarte^{1

5}, Marcus Collier⁶, Carlo Ratti¹, Francesco Pilla²

Affiliations

¹ Senseable City Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, MIT 9-216, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA.
² Spatial Dynamics Lab, College of Engineering and Architecture, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, D04 V1W8, Ireland.
³ Woods End Laboratories, 290 Belgrade Rd, Mt Vernon, ME, 04352, USA.
⁴ Commonland Foundation, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
⁵ Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil.
⁶ School of Natural Sciences, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland.

Abstract

Background: Soil spatial variability is a major concern when deciding how to collect a representative topsoil sample for laboratory analysis. Sampling design to capture site-specific variability is documented in the agricultural literature, but poorly understood for urban forest soils where soils may be characterized by strong horizontal and vertical variability and large temporal anthropogenic disturbances. Methods: This paper evaluates the spatial variability of selected topsoil properties under urban trees to define a statistically robust sampling design that optimizes the number of samples to reliably characterize basal soil respiration (BSR), a property associated with soil health. To provide a reference on variability, two additional soil properties were measured, unrelated to BSR: electrical conductivity (EC) and bulk density (BD). Thirteen sampling sites comprising both park and street trees ( Acer rubrum) were selected in Cambridge, MA, USA. Results: Results indicate street tree topsoil had approximately twice as much variation, requiring more intensive sampling, as did park tree topsoil, even though street trees had smaller soil sampling zones, constricted by tree pits. The variability of BSR was nearly identical to that of EC, and BD results varied least. A large number of samples would be required for acceptable levels of statistical reliability (90% CI - 10% ER) of 44.4, 41.7, and 6.4 for BSR, EC, and BD, respectively, whereas by accepting a lower level of certainty (80% CI - 20% ER) the number of required soil samples was calculated as 6.8, 6.4, and 0.4 for BSR, EC, and BD, respectively. Conclusions: The use of EC testing as a baseline measure to determine spatial variation in the topsoil is proposed, to alleviate the financial implications of more expensive BSR testing. Factors of topsoil disturbance and soil access restrictions at sites with severe root-sidewalk conflicts and the overall generalizability of the results are also discussed.

Keywords: basal soil respiration; electrical conductivity; soil disturbance; soil quality; spatial variability; urban forestry.

Grants and funding

This research was financially supported by the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under the grant agreement No 730222 (project CONNECTING Nature). The research leading to this article has received partial funding from the Netherlands Fulbright Association through the Fulbright U.S. Doctoral Student Program. The research was made possible by the support of the Senseable City Laboratory at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, who hosted Nadina Galle during her fieldwork.