Brazilin from Caesalpinia sappan L. as a Proprotein Convertase Subtilisin/Kexin Type 9 (PCSK9) Inhibitor: Pharmacophore-Based Virtual Screening, In Silico Molecular Docking, and In Vitro Studies

Muhammad Iqbal; Nur Hasanah; Aimee Detria Arianto; Widya Dwi Aryati; Meidi Utami Puteri; Fadlina Chany Saputri

doi:10.1155/2023/5932315

Brazilin from Caesalpinia sappan L. as a Proprotein Convertase Subtilisin/Kexin Type 9 (PCSK9) Inhibitor: Pharmacophore-Based Virtual Screening, In Silico Molecular Docking, and In Vitro Studies

Adv Pharmacol Pharm Sci. 2023 Oct 11:2023:5932315. doi: 10.1155/2023/5932315. eCollection 2023.

Authors

Muhammad Iqbal¹, Nur Hasanah^{1

2}, Aimee Detria Arianto³, Widya Dwi Aryati³, Meidi Utami Puteri^{4

5}, Fadlina Chany Saputri^{4

5}

Affiliations

¹ Postgraduate Program, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Indonesia, UI Depok Campus, Jakarta, West Java 16424, Indonesia.
² Pharmacy Department, Widya Dharma Husada School of Health Science, South Tangerang, Banten 15417, Indonesia.
³ Laboratory of Biomedical Computation and Drug Design, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Indonesia, UI Depok Campus, Jakarta, West Java 16424, Indonesia.
⁴ Department of Pharmacology-Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Indonesia, UI Depok Campus, Jakarta, West Java 16424, Indonesia.
⁵ National Metabolomics Collaborative Research Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Indonesia, UI Depok Campus, Jakarta, West Java 16424, Indonesia.

Abstract

Background: Proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) is a crucial regulator of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-c) levels, as it binds to and degrades the LDL receptor (LDLR) in the lysosome of hepatocytes. Elevated levels of PCSK9 have been linked to an increased LDL-c plasma levels, thereby increasing the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD), making it an attractive target for therapeutic interventions. As a way to inhibit PCSK9 action, we searched for naturally derived small molecules which can block the binding of PCSK9 to the LDLR.

Methods: In this study, we carried out in silico studies which consist of virtual screening using an optimized pharmacophore model and molecular docking studies using Pyrx 0.98. Effects of the candidate compounds were evaluated using in vitro PCSK9-LDLR binding assays kit.

Results: Eleven natural compounds that bind to PCSK9 were virtually screened form HerbalDB database, including brazilin. Next, molecular docking studies using Pyrx 0.98 showed that brazilin had the highest binding affinity with PCSK9 at -9.0 (Kcal/mol), which was higher than that of the other ten compounds. Subsequent in vitro PCSK9-LDLR binding assays established that brazilin decreased the binding of PCSK9 to the EGF-A fragment of the LDLR in a dose-dependent manner, with an IC₅₀ value of 2.19 μM.

Conclusion: We have identified brazilin, which is derived from the Caesalpinia sappan herb, which can act as a small molecule inhibitor of PCSK9. Our findings suggest that screening for small molecules that can block the interaction between PCSK9 and the LDLR in silico and in vitro may be a promising approach for developing novel lipid-lowering therapy.