Histopathology is the foundation and gold standard for identifying diseases, and precise quantification of histopathological images can provide the pathologist with objective clues to make a more convincing diagnosis. Optical microscopy (OM), an important branch of optical imaging technology that provides high-resolution images of tissue cytology and structural morphology, has been used in the diagnosis of histopathology and evolved into a new disciplinary direction of optical microscopic histopathology (OMH). There are a number of ex-vivo studies providing applicability of different OMH approaches, and a transfer of these techniques toward in vivo diagnosis is currently in progress. Furthermore, combined with advanced artificial intelligence algorithms, OMH allows for improved diagnostic reliability and convenience due to the complementarity of retrieval information. In this review, we cover recent advances in OMH, including the exploration of new techniques in OMH as well as their applications, and look ahead to new challenges in OMH. These typical application examples well demonstrate the application potential and clinical value of OMH techniques in histopathological diagnosis.
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