Body-related concerns and participation in physical education among adolescent students: the mediating role of motivation

Ellen Haug; Isabel Castillo; Oddrun Samdal; Otto Robert Frans Smith

doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1266740

Body-related concerns and participation in physical education among adolescent students: the mediating role of motivation

Front Psychol. 2023 Sep 22:14:1266740. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1266740. eCollection 2023.

Authors

Ellen Haug^{1

2}, Isabel Castillo³, Oddrun Samdal¹, Otto Robert Frans Smith^{2

4}

Affiliations

¹ Department of Health Promotion and Development, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.
² Department of Teacher Education, NLA University College, Bergen, Norway.
³ Department of Social Psychology, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain.
⁴ Department of Health Promotion, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Bergen, Norway.

Abstract

Background: There is a need to understand better factors influencing participation in physical education (PE) and the mechanisms involved. The adolescent years are characterised by increasing levels of body-related concerns. In PE, the body is judged for its physical abilities and subject to social comparisons and body judgements. Grounded in the Self-Determination Theory, this study aimed to explore whether body-related factors were associated with adolescents' involvement in PE and whether types of motivation mediated this relationship.

Methods: The study involved 2,140 (54.5% girls) secondary students (15-16-year-olds) from Norway participating in the nationally representative "Health Behaviour in School-aged Children (HBSC) study: a WHO collaborative cross-national study." Body-related factors included Body Mass Index (BMI), health complaints, body perception and dietary behaviours. Gender, age, and socioeconomic status (family affluence) were control variables. Motivation for PE was assessed with the Perceived Locus of Causality (PLOCQ) scale measuring three distinct factors: autonomous motivation, controlled motivation and amotivation. PE involvement was self-reported as weekly participation in PE classes and time spent in moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) during PE.

Results: Gender (girl), family affluence, health complaints, not being on a diet but wanting to lose weight, and body perception (too fat) were negatively associated with weekly PE participation when adjusting for other variables. This association was largely explained by students' autonomous motivation in the case of health complaints and partly in the case of dietary behaviour and body perception. Similar results were observed for MVPA during PE lessons. Additionally, gender was associated with MVPA through amotivation.

Conclusion: The study adds new knowledge to the understanding of the relationship between body-related factors and PE, supporting that autonomous motivation is a central mechanism and an avenue for further research. The results should be considered in planning high-quality PE classes and suggest that an autonomous supportive learning climate sensitive to body-related concerns should be a priority to increase adolescent involvement in PE.

Keywords: adolescents; body-related concerns; motivation; physical activity; physical education.

Grants and funding

The author(s) declare financial support was received for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article. The Norwegian part of the HBSC-study is conducted by the University of Bergen. The data collection for the 2013/2024 survey was partly funded by the Norwegian Directorate of Health. This funding body was not involved in the design of this study or in any parts of the manuscript development.