The development of non-precious metal electrocatalysts with high activity for the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) is a crucial and challenging task. In this work, we proposed a solvent-free in situ metal-organic framework (MOF) growth strategy for the fabrication of an Fe-doped CoO/Co electrocatalyst. This approach not only partially granted the MOF's porous structure to the catalyst but also resulted in a tighter combination between the Co metal and CoO, thereby enhancing its electrical conductivity. Furthermore, this method enabled the Fe species to be more uniformly dispersed on CoO/Co, which significantly exposed more active sites for efficient electrocatalysis. The entire synthesis process was solvent-free, except for a small amount of water and ethanol used during catalyst washing. The as-synthesized Fe-CoO/Co electrocatalyst exhibited superior OER activity on a glass carbon electrode, with η = 276 mV at a current density of 10 mA cm-2, even higher than that of the commercial precious IrO2/C catalyst. Additionally, it was also extended to prepare a Ni-doped CoO/Co electrocatalyst by the same procedure with satisfactory OER performance. This work presents a new preparation approach for MOF-derived catalysts with potential applications in energy conversion and beyond.